Anti Violence Essay

Anti violence essay Seven years ago I did not think violence existed in America. The most violent act ever committed was the tragedy of the World Trade Center in 9/11/01. The Trade Centers had been the target for something so horrible, and I thought at the time, ‘This will change the world. † I was right about that fact: our airports are more secure, we have to have pass-ports anywhere you go now, you have more thorough bagage checks, and they’re more selective as to what’s in your purse before boarding a plane. I think the most secure place in America right now is our power plants. They have increased security at all our power plants, including the nuclear plants, and also there is air space around each plant so planes have to keep their distance from them. Homeland Security is a common word in our homes today because of 9/11. I wanted to know how. Wanted to know why. Wanted to know what our leaders reactions would be. The world trade center killed many people that my friends knew and loved; that can never be replaced. This act changed the way my friends lived, loved, and acted in school. This spine-chilling nightmare was committed because terrorists took over three planes that flew into the giant buildings. The causes of this violence is the hatred between countries, states, or nations. The hatred is then passed down to the youth generation, because we hear, and see the dislike between the grown-ups. Children learn from the wisdom and actions of what the elders do. Shooting, stabbing, verbal abuse, physical abuse, and gang fights are a few examples of youth violence. All of these exist in schools, neighborhoods, malls, the movies and even in your own home on the internet. Schools have tried to stop it but there is still a lot of verbal abuse anywhere in the school system you go. Youth violence can be stopped by reporting abuse, shooting, stabbings, and anything to do with gangs. It can also be solved by not being the one that does bulling or any of the things listed above. I think it is funny how teachers wonder about why no one reports violence in America. My say on the matter is the kids are scared it will only get worse if we tell a teacher or principal or any adult because they use our name and our grade to the bully or person that Bothers you.

How to Fix Social Security Number Essay

The social security numbers (SSN) are used to identify participants in the federal government’s social security program, which uses public funds to provide retirement and disability benefits for those who those who are currently eligible, same benefits goes to the worker himself and his family. It is the Social Security Agency (SSA) that provides the social security number (www. standord. edu). The social security number is unique to every individual holder; this is why the government and other agencies used it primarily for identification and administrative purposes. Thus, it can be used for several transactions in the bank, in school or in the company where you work. However, it can be very vulnerable for identity theft. When such instances occur, several steps should be undertaken. If someone knew your number, he can acquire personal information’s about you and used your name either for work purposes or to get credit. File a complaint to the Federal Trade Commission through internet (www. consumer. gov/idtheft) or telephone (1-877-IDTHEFT [1-877-438-4338]). You can also check your social security statement to determine if there are errors in your earnings account. If someone uses your SSN for credit, contact the creditor who approved the credit then file a police report. Call or e-mail fraud department of any of the following credit agencies: Equifax, www. equifax. com; Experian, www. experian. com and TransUnion, www. transunion. com, to help fix your credit records (www. ssa. gov). You can ask them to place a flag on your records that requires the creditors to contact you before approving credits under your name and number, indicate how long your account will be flag and request for a statement on your credit report, however be sure to put your name and contact information for them to call you (www. pueblo. gsa. gov). Another option is to get a new SSN, however it is not guaranteed that it will solved the problem, and you can also contact the Security System for more of your inquiries (www. socialsecurity. gov). References Bechtel International Center. 2006, April 18. Social Security Number. Retrieved April 18, 2008 from, http://www. stanford. edu/dept/icenter/new/orientation/SOCIAL_SECURITY_NUMBER. htm Social Security Online. 2007. Identity Theft And Your Social Security Number. Retrieved April 18, 2008 from, http://www. pueblo. gsa. gov/cic_text/money/idtheftssn/yourssn. html Social Security Online. 2008, January 14. When Someone Else Uses Your Social Security Number. Retrieved April 18, 2008 from, http://www. ssa. gov/oig/hotline/when. htm

Joseph’s Story

B. Assuming that Joseph’s heart stopped, all of the cellular processes and membrane functions are going to be affected. The loss of oxygen is going to affect everything, ultimately killing off all of the cells. Loss of oxygen and glucose will affect the mitochondria, making it unable to make ATP, the energy the body requires to function. Without any oxygen, the membrane will no longer be able to control its diffusion processes/pumps, allowing anything in and out of the cell and not properly getting rid of wastes. Leaving all of the waste behind, unable to regulate itself, all of the cells will eventually die off. C. In a human cell, the golgi complex, nucleus(nuclear envelope), and entire cell(plasma membrane) have membranes. During his heart attack the lysosomal enzymes, formed from the golgi complex, began to digest the membranes and all of their organelles, thus affecting the heart because all of the cells are being destroyed and can no longer function homeostatically. D. Inside the nucleus, the chromosomes house the instructions Joseph’s body needs to repair itself and his predisposition for vascular disease. E. Integral and peripheral proteins are involved in the homeostatic imbalances of Joseph’s heart because now, due to lack of oxygen and glucose, they are not performing their jobs correctly. Both proteins are now allowing anything in and out of the cell at its own will with no system to it. F. Reestablishing oxygen flow to Joseph’s body was so important because it got oxygen to the cells and the carbon dioxide out of the body. All of the process in the body would have ultimately stopped if oxygen flow has not been reestablished. H. Joseph’s heart failed because without oxygen or glucose the cells cannot make ATP. Without ATP the cells do not have the necessary energy to undergo any of their cellular processes. Eventually the cells will actually start digesting themselves, thus making the heart and all the other org ans in the body fail.

Decision-Making Process Paper Essay

My name is Jovon Roberson, I will be discussing my decision making process. I will try to supply research supporting my ideas. The paper will describe some steps of my process. I will compare some similarity to the text, and explain how some of the steps might be different. Most decisions people make in their life time will definitely be easy and some maybe very difficult. I truly believe that each individual is in control of their own destiny and in complete control of the decisions they have to make in their life time. My decision to start school was clearly decided right after I was terminated from my job. I was ill at the time and desperately needed to file for the family medical leave of absence so my job would not be in jeopardy, but that was a total loss. Once terminated I clearly had to make some important decisions about the future of my son and I, while thinking long and hard about how I was going to make ends meet. I had a discussion with one of my best friends and I came to the grips that I needed more than what I was getting and this really was my only option going to school. My steps are somewhat different from the ones in the text, but it is clear they there were important steps to take while making my decision to go back to school and I really believe it was one of the best decision I could have made. My decisions would have been different very different but in reality the the steps in the text provided more proper steps and they would have been a more thought out process for me butat the same time my decision would have been the same. It would have been precise, more thought out some plans would have been setup, and short term goals would have been set, long term goals would have been into play and set as well. More thought would have been there to back everything up not just the goals set in my head they would have been on paper in black and white. I would have been better prepared for all my future intents. People gather and evaluate information when they face major decisions or milestones in their lives. The internet has become a more important source of information as people gain experience and as they embrace broadband (Copyright 2012 Pew Internet & American Life Project). In this paper I have discussed some similarity to the text, and explain how some of the steps might be different. The decisions people make in their life time will definitely be easy and some maybe very difficult and how I truly believe that each individual is in control of their own destiny and in complete control of the decisions they have to make in their life time. I hope I have covered everything in this paper that you have asked for. I thank you for your attention and your time. References: Copyright 2012 Pew Internet & American Life Project http://pewinternet.org/Topics/Activities-and-Pursuits/Decision-Making.aspx?typeFilter=5

Process Of Becoming A Radiology Professor Education Essay

Introduction I am a professor of radiology and I work in a university learning infirmary. My work is learning radiology classs for undergraduate and graduate student pupils, and developing occupants in our radiology section. The purpose of our radiology section is to be certain that the pupils will derive sufficient sum of cognition and accomplishments to be able to pattern clinical diagnosing and understanding imaging which is an built-in portion of patient direction. I am graduated since 1989 and I work in learning Radiology course of study for more than ten old ages, it ‘s interesting to look back but I will non get down from the beginning as this was many old ages ago and I will discourse what I do during instruction and reflect it for farther development. In our section, the instruction design alteration between learning basic scientific discipline such as radiological anatomy, pathology, radiobiology and radiological natural philosophies and learning radiologic imagination of assorted systems and the function of imaging in clinical direction. So I use different instruction methods which are suited to the intended acquisition results of our radiology course of study. These methods include formal talk to stress on basic scientific discipline elements, little groups learning ( like: instance survey, seminar, tutorial, conference and job based acquisition ) which is the standard instruction signifier for learning radiology course of study i n which we use different radiological images as a acquisition focal point, and clinical instruction for developing our occupants how to achieve different accomplishments of radiological scrutiny. I will concentrate my composing on job based acquisition ( PBL ) as an illustration of little group learning and on clinical instruction of radiological accomplishments.Problem based acquisitionWe apply job based acquisition as a instruction method in some parts of graduate student foundation programme ; I have a deep construct that PBL is an of import manner for learning radiology course of study due to the presence of radiological subspecialties of system based manner which is relevant to job based scheme. Barrows and Tamblyn1 suggest that â€Å" Problem-based acquisition can be defined best as the acquisition that consequences from the procedure of working towards the apprehension or declaration of a job † . Albanese and Mitchell2 provide another position â€Å" PBL at its most cardinal degree is an instructional method characterized by the usage of patient ‘s jobs as a context for pupils to larn problem-solving accomplishments and get cognition about the basic and clinical scientific discipline † . There is no individual construct about the theoretical footing of practising job based learning.3 Savin-Baden4 suggests different dimensions of job based acquisition and place that the best distinction in which the cognition, acquisition and the pupil function are manifested and conceptualized in the course of study. Self direct acquisition is an active procedure and high efficient attack for go oning medical instruction as the acquisition is based on the pupils old cognition, the new cognition and understanding which can be blended through the personal and professional context of the person.5 Spencer and Jordan6 suggested that in PBL, new cognition and understanding comes from working on the job while in traditional larning the new cognition is indispensable for working on the job. I agree with those writers and I follow self directed theory, as PBL is pupil centered larning I direct the pupils for ego acquisition and actuate them to increase their self assurance, besides I consider the old experience a utile resource for constructing more information through reading, all these make the scholar able to be confronted with many undertakings. The constructivism position of acquisition is concerned on the significance of apprehension is built up through a procedure include the specific cognition foundations and cognitive operation.7 Mayes and Freitas8 suggested that constructivism acquisition is based on cognition which must be constructed through accomplishing understanding to let pupils associate new experience to bing cognition. The constructivism is the other theory which I follow in job based acquisition by stressing on activation, constructing on old experience and prosecuting the current apprehension and the new experience through active relevant job and group interaction. With many seeking about job based acquisition, I found another construct which is illustrated by Norman and Schmidt9 who show that job based acquisition has relevant countries including: activation on anterior cognition, larning in context, amplification of cognition and fosterage of competency by utilizing speculative manner of larning. Sing the old construct, I have to concentrate more on those relevant countries which are needed for job based acquisition and are closely related to constructivism. Implanting job based larning without a prepared program about the environment of the acquisition including the function of the instructor, pupil group organisation, scenario development, making the resources and measuring pupils public presentation will take to confusion between the instructors and pupils without accomplishing PBL goals.3 First, I will analyse the function of instructor in our section, in the first meeting I apply the job scenario to the pupils which include radiological images related to the PBL object, full clinical history and related medical, surgical and pathological information. I do my best to promote all pupils to inquire inquiries which explain subjects of the scenario and steer the pupils towards developing larning aims. After spliting the undertakings on the pupils, I direct the pupils for the needed resource and assist them for research, besides I take attention about the clip allowed to the pupil ‘s research to be sufficient for their ego directed larning about the undertakings divided on them. In the 2nd meeting, the pupils return back after roll uping the needed information, I do my attempt to keep all pupils showing their new information, synthesis account and use the new acquired information into the job. As I am believing about my old public presentation, I find that sometimes I face some pupils who have loose bad attitude which cause dysfunctional group behaviours, so I have to take attention about cues which denote the disturbed behaviour inbetween the pupils, give chance to keep regular interpersonal kineticss and command the challenge degree of the pupils. In discoursing the function of the instructor as a facilitator in the tutorial of November 11 2010 ( group 2 ) , there is a argument about who is the best facilitator, I understand from it a new construct as some institute use a biomedical scientist with rich scientific discipline base as a facilitator non the clinician as they believe that the clinicians are n't really good facilitators as they may exaggerate the instance and intend to develop what they think. But in our section the radiological physician is the lone facilitator for PBL Sessionss as he about understand the radiological course of study and expected to hold facilitation accomplishments in his forte. With more deep position, I think we need more staff development to avoid troubles which may confront some of the staff in pull offing PBL Sessionss, so we have to trip our ego survey by reading more books and article about PBL direction, and use new facilitator to achieve many PBL Sessionss with another experient facilitat or. Newman3 showed that the tutorial procedure have a certain frame to let the development and pattern of cognitive and metacognitive accomplishments. There are many theoretical accounts of job based larning tutorial procedure that give greater ground tackle to observe spreads in cognition and autonomous acquisition program to achieve needful knowledge.10 When I begin a PBL session with a new scenario, I direct the pupils to research the job and analyse it to place what they do n't cognize, find which undertaking they will make and be engaged in ego directed research for cognition. At the 2nd meeting the pupils presents their new information that they have learnt from research, synthesis it and reflect this information on the procedure of acquisition. Venon and Blake11 identified that different job based acquisition showed that the feedback is limited. The feedback is related to the method by which the acquisition aims are classified between the students.3 In the tutorial of November 11 2010 ( group 2 ) in which Fred Pender was discoursing PBL, he explains the importance of PBL feedback as certain institute use four electronic equal appraisal feedback per twelvemonth and he considered peer appraisal is one of the of import transferable accomplishments which the pupils will derive during PBL, in which each pupil is able to advert the difference of other pupils attitude by giving comments about his equals to measure them with respect to their professional attitude. Sing to the old construct, we do n't use peer appraisal as an appraising method due to our limited experience about this method, but now I think we need equal preparation in peer appraisal schemes and our pupils have to larn how to execute peer appraisal to develop their accomplishments of self-appraisal. Benson etal12 suggested that for the betterment of communicating accomplishments and the development of coaction, it is best to do larning group within five and 10 members. In peculiar for keeping all pupils sharing and leting deep acquisition, in the last PBL session I divide the pupils into two groups, in each one eight pupils are involved alternatively of 16 pupils per session. In some theoretical accounts, the construction of PBL includes sharing a different pupil to ease the session. Newman3 argued that, as this reinforces the message that the pupils take the duty of acquisition and the map as a facilitator. Benson etal12 showed that when the pupils take the function of facilitator in a supporting environment, this will assist them to pattern and develop facilitation accomplishments. Looking at this construct from Benson etal position, I make the first test by using one pupil to be a chair of the group, at the start of the session the pupil chair reads the scenario and seek to promote other pupils under my supervising. Although this is the first test, I think it may actuate the group and give them more duty, but, I ca n't measure the benefit of this alteration for farther development. The job based acquisition scenario is referred to the content presented to the pupils. Evans13 stated that scenario should be written harmonizing to the class larning aims, it allows pupils to incorporate old cognition to their current cognition, encourage pupils to research the subjects through searching. Some PBL scenarios which I use in learning focused on coevals and reading of medical images like images of conventional radiology, computed imaging and magnetic resonance imagination, while other scenarios begin with simple and unfastened reappraisal of patient history followed by using more information in a consecutive manner about the diagnostic processs with several radiological images are attached to the scenario, besides sometimes we apply PBL scenarios which connect radiology to metabolic procedure by utilizing functional imagination.But in malice of the applied attempts to arouse pupil involvement and challenge, I found myself confronting of import point as during PBL learni ng there is small clip to cover basic cognition related to medical images like discoursing radiation safety and radiological natural philosophies, as most of the scenario focal point on utilizing radiological images as resources for reading. So I suppose using more job based acquisition scenario which is relevant to this topic ( like, how to look into a pregnant adult female with acute thorax hurting, as this will trip the pupil to derive necessary cognition about the consequence of radiation on the foetus and understanding the natural philosophies of different mode to get the better of this job ) . Although we apply PBL as an effectual instruction method in some parts of graduate student foundation programme but there are many practical accomplishments which are n't suited for PBL ( like, how to execute a radiological guided biopsy ) . So we have to promote our pupils to larn different practical radiological accomplishments in concurrence with other learning methods.Clinical instruction of radiological accomplishmentsSecond, I will concentrate my composing on clinical preparation of the occupants in Radiology section, Radiology differs from other fortes as trainees are working in a close apprenticeship with their supervisors for deriving cognition and accomplishments in their workplace until they can execute many processs harmonizing to their degree of residence preparation. During the occupants developing they will larn many practical and communicating accomplishments related to Radiology field. There are many theories which explain clinical instruction and preparation. In self finding, there are two primary sorts of motive: controlled motive which is brought by external force per unit area and independent motive in which the scholar has internal beliefs and interest.14 Harmonizing to self finding, our occupants spend most of their professional life-time in a specific radiological environment which is adapted to their demands as they will be motivated and interested when they become more adept in observing instances of losing diagnosing. With more deep position, I find that some of occupants with higher degree of residence preparation lose some of their motive once they move into independent pattern, so I have to take attention about keeping their internal motive by promoting their of import function in real-life pattern and actuating their feeling about the chance of doing a difference in the patient life. Kolb15 explained that larning occur in four phase rhythm and immediate experience is the base for observation and contemplation, besides he stated that for effectual larning the scholar needs four different sorts of abilities â€Å" concrete experience, brooding observation, abstract conceptualisation and active experimentation † . I follow experiential theory of kolb during occupants ‘ preparation as I involved the occupant for taking new experience ( like, go toing a session of chest x-ray reading ) , after that I guide him to detect and reflect these new experience from many positions by inquiring and believing about this new experience ( like, what this determination means, what the relation between it and other findings and if it is related to old instance findings ) , so the occupant Begin to make a construct that incorporate his observation and assisting him for naming chest X ray, after that he will be able to utilize this new applications for following thorax x- ray reading. Kolb15 suggested that experiential acquisition can get down at any of the four phases while the scholar rhythms continuously through these four phases. Following this construct, I will actuate the occupants to look in the literature and read new information ( like, reading about chest x-ray reading ) and discourse it with their colleges, to get down larning from the 3rd measure by understanding the general rules and so they will finish the rhythm. The Honey and Mumford larning manner stock list is based on Kolb ‘s learning rhythm and they identify four chief acquisition manners which are activist, reflector, theoretician and pragmatist.16 I believe that no 1 has individual preferable manner of acquisition, with following Kolb ‘s learning rhythm I found that when the occupant take a new experience he is in activist manner as he learn by engagement in an activity, but when he pass to the brooding phase he learn by reflecting and detecting on his experience, while when he get down the abstract conceptualisation phase he learn through theoretician manner by developing account of the implicit in grounds and constructs, and when he pass to the active experimentation phase he learn straight from his experience through pragmatist manner. With deep thought, I normally begin the acquisition rhythm by exposing the militant manner, but I have to direct the occupant to get down his larning at any measure of the learning rhythm as this will expose different acquisition manners which will suit him. Community of pattern emphasize on the importance of incorporating certain single in a professional community and the function of community in reinforcing and rectifying single practice.17 I follow community of pattern during my clinical instruction, as the occupant starts as an perceiver and bit by bit he becomes a participant in group activity, this occur when the occupant joins our radiology section and begins his preparation we allow him to take parts of work activity and by this manner he will get cognition and accomplishments and he will travel from legitimate peripheral participant into nucleus participant. But sometimes I find some occupants lose their involvement emmet attempt to get away from group engagement so I have to follow these occupants and apply uninterrupted encouragement to them to increase their enthusiasm and better their engagement. Ramani and Leinster16 stated that clinical instruction must present cognition and acquisition of accomplishments to the scholar and they emphasis the phases in which the scholar base on balls from unskilled to skilled which Begin by consciousness, acquisition so development and terminal by amplification. I follow the old stairss during developing the occupants, for illustration, when I teach the occupant how to make Ba survey, at first I aware the occupants about the importance of these scrutiny through active treatment as this help them in observing their spreads in cognition, so I begin to present the new information either in the tutorial, during discoursing Ba images or during executing the Ba scrutiny. Gradually the new cognition will develop and the occupants will execute the process. I normally follow my occupants during executing the process to be certain that they will come on good and for uninterrupted betterment. With respects to my public presentation, I think that my of import function is how reassign the occupant from witting incompetent phase to witting competent phase, I normally allow the occupant to inquire any inquiry and I help him for ego survey, mentoring him and follow his advancement until he can make the accomplishment, and bit by bit with more pattern and follow up the occupant will reassign into unconscious competent phase as he can execute the accomplishment without witting. But I find that some older occupants fall into unconscious unqualified phase, so I have to take attention about the occupants ‘ public presentation in all survey old ages by forcing them to continuous ego survey for more mature pattern. Understanding the psychomotor learning rules is necessary for learning clinical accomplishments, these rules are based on Taxonomy of the psychomotor sphere which are conceptualisation, visual image, verbalisation, pattern, rectification, skill command and accomplishment autonomy.18 I was believing that I follow the old rules during clinical preparation of the occupant, as at the beginning of the preparation, I perform the scrutiny in forepart of the occupant while explicating what I do and let him to inquire inquiries, after that I perform the accomplishments several times while the resident provide account about what I do and I provide rectification for any misinterpretation until I become satisfied that the resident full understand the accomplishment, so I allow the occupant to execute the scrutiny under my supervising while he describe each measure before it is taken. But when I look about my old public presentation, I find that I miss an of import phase as I do n't show the prac tical accomplishment without account and I run through this phase rapidly in malice of its importance. So I have to take attention of this measure and get down my clinical instruction by executing the process with no remark to let the occupant observe the stairss of the process which is of import for ocular scholar. Besides for suiting different acquisition manners I have to increase the resident-patient interaction as patient-centered instruction maintain the attack for visual- audile – kinaesthetic learning manner of the scholar through detecting the patient, analyzing him and transporting out radiological processs. Barrows19 defined fake patients as a â€Å" normal individual who has been carefully coached to accurately portray a specific patient when given the history and physical scrutiny † . I gain a important information about fake patient from the tutorial of October 28 2010 ( group 5a ) in which some colleges emphasize on utilizing fake patients in their infirmary after taking a specific session for developing under academic staff supervising to larn them how simulate different medical status. We do n't use utilizing fake patients during clinical instruction, but I think we have to be after to use fake patients in learning non invasive process like how to execute ultrasound scrutiny as this may ease the occupant to derive experience from normal ultrasound scrutiny before they proceed to the existent patients. There are great grounds for positive consequence of communicating accomplishments preparation, this decision is based on big figure of surveies which show that a different group of medical pupils improved their ability of questioning efficaciousness and deriving information from the patients.20 I have a construct that the relation between the radiotherapist and the patient who will undergo radiological imagination scrutiny is different from that of other clinical specializer, so for radiotherapist, larning communicating accomplishments is necessary to observe patient ‘s complain and taking attention of patient when they come for imaging. Besides I think that there is no argument about the effectivity of communicating accomplishments but existent job is how to reassign such accomplishments to the occupant through day-to-day pattern. Aspegren20 concluded that experiential methods of larning are more effectual than instructional methods. In the imagination room I become in direct contact with the patient, this relation may happen one clip or may be intermittent over long clip. I set up this relation by inquiring the patient why he is showing to the survey, discourse the process before executing it, keeping scrutiny distractions and eventually I discuss the consequences of the scrutiny to the patient. I take attention about every measure I do as the occupant will larn from my behaviour the high points of radiologist patient interaction in the radiology imaging room during these meetings. There are seven indispensable communicating accomplishments which are: â€Å" constructing the doctor-patient relationship, open the treatment, gather information, understanding the patient ‘s position, portion information, reach an understanding on job and program and supply closing † .21 As it is clear that equal patient-centered relation between the physician and patient will heighten the quality of the patient attention I normally try to keep a clear patient-centered environment. First, I respect the patient confidentiality and I avoid taking the patient history, discoursing the scrutiny or doing the process in a busy room as the scrutiny room must be safe and comfort. When I see the patient at the first clip I greet him by his name and warm smiling, I spend few proceedingss in looking to the patient with close eyes contact and stress to him that the consequences of scrutiny are wholly confidential. I ne'er rush the patient into the scrutiny and I take my clip in acq uiring the patient history, discoursing the stairss of the scrutiny and replying any obscure inquiry for him. Beck etal22 execute a systematic reappraisal of surveies of GP-patients interactions to mensurate specific behaviours faithfully and supply grounds of their influence on patients results, they found 14 surveies of verbal and eight surveies of non-verbal communicating which had an consequence on patient results. I agree with the writers about the importance of verbal phrases and organic structure linguistic communications, as I normally use verbs which evoke empathy, support, reassurance, account and sometimes wit and courtesy, but I change my verbal linguistic communication when my patient is a kid as the words which I use with kids must related to cognitive degree of the kid. I remember a old bad communicating, in which I was executing endovenous urography scrutiny to a immature kid, while I asked the kid to make full his vesica like a balloon he become so hard-pressed as he believe his vesica will detonate. After this clip, I make a frame of mentions which are easy understood by th e kid. Many observations show that there is no individual communicating accomplishment but different facet of patient and physician interaction demand to be learnt.20 Many radiological processs distress the patients like executing radiologic guided interventional processs, with this patient I direct him during explicating the scrutiny and depict the feeling and esthesis of what he might experience, this is what I think it may better the patient hurt along the processs, but I need more betterment in my communicating attack as I do n't take uninterrupted patient feedback or peer group feedback to measure my public presentation with the patients. So I have to turn out my communicating accomplishments by thoughtful contemplation from revising patient and peer feedback, and taking more classs in communicating accomplishments. Miller 23 suggested a celebrated pyramid for appraisal of scholar ‘s clinical competency, this pyramid is formed of four degree, at the lowest degree of the pyramid is knowledge ( knows ) , followed by competency degree ( knows how ) , so public presentation degree ( shows how ) and terminal by action ( does ) . In my construct, the ambitious function of the clinical instructor is how to measure the pupil public presentation at the highest degree of the pyramid in the workplace, in which the patient attention take the precedence and clinical instructor has to detect the occupants interaction with the patient. I normally observe the resident clinical accomplishment ‘s public presentation at the imagination room when he fix the patient for scrutiny, do the process under my supervising or make it independently, besides I take attention about the resident behaviour during patient interaction. After that I give my occupant a frequent feedback about his public presentation, whi ch is non judgmental, descriptive non give voicing feedback ( like ; when the patient was stating you about the site of her abdominal hurting, you are concentrated on ultrasound screen and you do n't look at her ) , besides I try to depict his behaviour which can be changed in little measures and promote any helpful cues he do. I try to be supportive to my occupant by avoiding unfavorable judgment signifier of the feedback which makes the occupant blamed or rejected. Sing my public presentation, I ever do my best for detecting and follow up the occupants and give them feedback about their public presentation, but in some occasions I hesitate in giving negative feedback to some occupants who view negative feedback as a personal onslaught and reject it. So I think that we must set up more positive acquisition environment in which errors are acknowledged and feedback is accepted, besides I have to assist the occupants to understand the benefits of effectual feedback as when they take insight about what they do either well or hapless, they know where they are in comparing to where they must to be and what they must make.

Lean Transition Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lean Transition - Case Study Example As the company transition to lean practices, their accounting system and performance measurement reports have become unreliable, inaccurate and inapplicable to the flow line value streams. The lean production environment led to problems in the current labor reporting, production efficiency and product costing methods. The management wanted to monitor the efficiency, productivity and profitability under the lean production practice. Yes, the management must change the product costing system of Aero Gear, Inc. in order to align the system with their lean production practice. An aligned management accounting system maximizes profit. An accounting system that fails to provide information that is timely or in a useful format will be rejected by users and will not be beneficial to the management. Identifying costs at the item level will lead to inaccuracies and will result to irrelevant information. The management should manage the product costing at the aggregate level. It would be preferred to use management financial statements instead of profit and loss statements. The information communicated by the new financial statements should allow readers to easily evaluate the results of changes in the lean business practice. The change from cost accounting to cost management is inevitable. Attaching direct labor and setup costs to the finished product also creates trouble with the product costing system under lean manufacturing. The old product costing system utilizes direct labor measure as the overhead rate denominator, which is applicable only if the manufacturing capacity is proportionate to direct labor consumption. Also, elimination of all waste is the objective of lean manufacturing. Since lean practices would lead to a lower inventory level, it would create a negative effect on the reported gross and net profit in the profit and loss statement because inventory is recognized as an asset. Should they hold off making a change despite their dissatisfaction with the current system and continue to look for a better product costing method Holding off change would only create more inaccuracy in product costing, performance measurement and cost management. The company can employ two or more product costing while evaluating their effectiveness. Lean business practice embraces the concept of continuous improvement. In order to initiate improvement, the company must first adopt a system and then find ways to improve it, if not replace it. Were there any additional measures they could collect and use to measure flow line performance The central focus of lean manufacturing is to eliminate wastes. Measures of wastes like scraps, defects and machine-downtime and its impact on the line performance would benefit management decisions. A recommended method of reporting is through a cash flow analysis where it will effectively track the positive aspect of liquidating inventories. Cycle time can be integrated in the analysis. Additional metrics such as tracking the improvements in direct and indirect labor on a weekly or monthly basis would also be helpful. Was it fair to

Materials Handling Policy Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Materials Handling Policy Development - Essay Example Methods used to protect employees should be based on the proper safety measure. This is by the use of protective clothing as discussed below: It is vital to wear suitable protective gloves, aprons and boots when handling sulphuric acid as it is a corrosive material. If sulphuric acid gets into contact with the skin immediately, the first step that should be done is that the affected area should be thoroughly washed with plenty of water. It may also be essential to seek medical care (Greenberg & Cramer, 2011). Moreover, when handling this material, any employee should avoid generating vapors. All employes ought to immediately report leaks or failures of the safety equipment such as ventilation system. Also, all employees ought to avert accidental interaction with irreconcilable chemicals. Never add water to a corrosive sulphuric acid being an example. If product is moved to another vessel, ensure new vessel is appropriate for the product. Never reuse empty vessels, even if they appear right to use (Louie, 2008). In case a spill or leak of sulphuric acid occurs, one should follow instructions given by emergency service responders and local authorities. Keep products and the place out of reach of children (Louie, 2008). Gallons of this chemical should be stored safely to reduce the risk they pose to and employees handling them. Store this corrosive chemical in an area that is: cool, dry, away from direct sunlight and away from ignition sources and heat, separate from irreconcilable materials. Regularly review for physical signs of crystallization or damage (Seufert, 2014). All hazardous chemical containers like sulphuric acid are required to be branded with the chemical name, danger warnings and how to handle incidences such as spilling of the acid. The manufacturers label should be kept unbroken until the bottle, or the container has been emptied. When the chemical

Aging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Aging - Essay Example The questions have been in the mind of people for a century. However, despite the studies in the genetics and molecular biology, the mystery of controlling the lifespan of human is yet to be found (Nouwen & Gaffney, 2004). Many literatures have been put forward to explain the aging process, but none of them has been a success. The conventional aging literature believes that aging in not a genetically programmed. Modern theories in biological aging in humans can either be an error theory or a programmed theory. The programmed literatures believe that aging comes with a biological timetable, perhaps the continuous one in regulating the childhood development and growth. The regulation will depend on the expression of genes affecting systems that are responsible for defense response, maintenance, and repair. The damage theory emphasizes the assault of environment to the living organisms inducing the cumulative damage at different stages as the reason for aging (Cox, 2005). The programmed literature has three different categories; programmed longevity, endocrine theory, and immunology theory. According to programmed longevity, aging arises from sequential putting on and off for some of the genes. According to endocrine theory, the immune system can be programmed to decline with time, which arises to a rising vulnerability to diseases that are infectious and therefore aging and later death. It is researched that the immune system effectiveness peaks during puberty and slowly declines with the age advance. For instance, when a person grows older, the antibodies will lose effectiveness, and very few diseases will be combated by the body effectively, which leads to eventual death and cellular stress. The deregulated response of the immune has been connected to inflammation, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease. Although direct relationship is yet to

48Hour Dietary Recall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

48Hour Dietary Recall - Essay Example This is due to the correlation that exists between human feeding habits and environmental safety. There is heated debate on how what we consume strains the Mother Nature. An excellent example is how meat and its ingredients affect both ones health and the environment (Darier, 1999, P.75). According to my ingestion record, it is clear that there was a balanced consumption in terms of nutrients. In addition, the meals are environmental friendly. This is especially in their preparation and disposal. The leftovers from the hotel are not disposed to a litter bin or thrown away in an open place to rot and pollute the environment. In stead, they are given to the farmer who feeds them to the pigs. If left to rot, they could pose an environmental risk through air pollution and cause diseases such as diarrhea and typhoid (Darier, 1999, P.80). In addition, I avoided packed food so as to ensure that I do not pollute the environment with wrappers. In my view, my eating habits are healthy and safe for the environment. This is because the leftovers could be put into beneficial use rather than dumping them where they could pose an environmental risk. In addition, the wastes that could be produced in the process of preparing food in the house could be used in the firm as manure (Darier, 1999, P.93). At the same time, leftovers could be preserved for consumption in the future. However, I will reduce meat and its ingredients so as to become environmental

Econ assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Econ - Assignment Example a. Increase in capital in country A will lead to increase in production of the goods x and y hence, the country thereby affecting its importation of the same goods thus, affecting the exportation on the same goods by country B since A shall have increased its production on the same goods. c. Increase in capital in country B will lead to increase in production of the goods x and y hence, the country thereby affecting its importation of the same goods thus, affecting the exportation on the same goods by country A since B shall have increased its production on the same goods. 10. The reasons that led to the decline in the import due to industrialization included the production through processing and manufacturing by different nations; hence, creating self-reliance of nations. Additionally, it is worth noting that this factor promoted free trade since nations produces different items at different times; thus, it was only through trade especially free that products from different nations could be acquired by other

International Politics on the World Stage Essay

International Politics on the World Stage - Essay Example The Iranian President's victory also a hardliner seems to reflect on my theory that what US seems to do is rather being counter productive and is winning more supporters for these hardliners. The Muslim brotherhoods popularity and victory is another example of the growing challenges. As theory in governance for the Middle East clearly shows that not one of the Middle Eastern states except Turkey and Israel is democratically ruled. The mode of extremism started right after the soviets invaded Afghanistan and the Americans led by the CIA in collaboration with states such as Pakistan and various warlords labeled the conflict as jihad calling on the Muslims who wished to fight for the new world a fight against the evil they said was communism. As the soviets were defeated and retreated in 1988 and as the Americans left these people who were religiously fervent began to settle in these areas branding their own version of Islam by enforcing the Shariah law. These people with weapons began to settle in their respective countries countering threats from their various governments, with no democracy in these middle eastern states new recruits seemed to fill in to these camps as unemployment and poverty was on the rise while as they saw the Americans as the enemy who had occupied the holy land of Mecca led by a Saudi billionaire fugitive who fought alongside the CIA before launched a whole scale war against the Americans in general leading to first the blowing up of US embassies to USS Cole disaster to the September 11 terror attacks on new York and Washington. What we see is a world where various circles claim it to be a clash of civilization where the ever growing insurgent activities in Iraq and other parts of the create an unholy environment for the Muslims in general. The Palestinian conflict remains the bone of contention between the west and not only amongst the Islamic Middle Eastern nations but the whole Islamic world to. The inhabitance of Israel of evacuating t he land it occupied in 1967 war and to a two state solution where the Palestinians and Israelis can live peacefully side by side is a distant dream away as Israelis refuse to give up control over Jerusalem which is sacred to both parties. While under patronage of UN a solution can be formed which can be acceptable to both parties where the Israelis have to leave the settlements in the west bank, while having the joint custody of Jerusalem under a UN peacekeeping umbrella guarding the new frontier laid between the leaning wall and the Al-Aqsa mosque. UNs incapability in solving the international conflicts fuelling in Palestine, Kashmir and Chechnya seems to give a rise in extremist activity as they see no hope from this world body to make a decision for their regard. Except for passing resolutions accustomed on a piece of paper this body hasn't taken any constructive decision in solving any of the conflicts regard. While the importance will be restored once as UN takes proactive measures in countering these tactics by ensuring that no innocent person is harmed especially by state form of terrorism which in return gives rise to a struggle with the force of the gun labeled as terrorism in the west as the person affected

Entrepreneurship and Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Entrepreneurship and Law - Research Paper Example It can be attested that this is a huge step towards the promotion of entrepreneurial activities since it gives entrepreneurs the opportunity to contact more investors. In this relation, more laws and rules that are still oppressive and restrictive to the profitable activities of entrepreneurs should be revised to open more opportunities and help to enhance economies (Medved, 2013). However, since it is an activity that involves new technological advancements in relation to the use of social networking sites, it will be imperative to come up with new legislation and laws. This will create platforms through which the entrepreneurs and investors can conduct their operations in ways that are legally acceptable. In addition, they will serve as means through which internet crimes can be prevented hence the maintenance of social media security. The main item being brought up in this article is the activities of different entrepreneurs. These are the individuals who are occupied in the legal manufacture and sale of new psychoactive substances. However, they market them as â€Å"not for human consumption†. A great contradiction is highlighted in this article in the sense that drugs, which are usually considered as illegal substances can be legal, sold in areas such as Belgium hence the title ‘legal high†. According to the article, most people are putting an end to other business activities to get involved in the business of making drugs. This involves the production of powders and pills that are psychoactive in nature (Whalen & Zhang, 2010). In relation to this article, I think that the governing body at Antwerp and Belgium, in general, should conduct more research about these drugs that are considered to lie in between the legal and illegal zones. This is because it is a great indication that as much as they are legal they are not safe for consumption.  It is sustained by the fact that the producing entrepreneur admits that the Nopaine drug they manufacture â€Å"is every bit as good as cocaine†.

Analysis of a management practitioner article using relevant Essay

Analysis of a management practitioner article using relevant organisational behaviour theory - Essay Example Taylor to a certain extent stressed that just monetary reward will motivate workers to perform better. Even though production dramatically increased, resentment and anger towards management ran high. The biggest impact that changed the outlook of the management world was the Hawthorne Studies (1923 - 1933), which indirectly established that workers motivate to other factors other than money and that they will perform better when they are appreciated. From then on theories that specifically stressed employee behaviour emerged. There is a marked difference in the approaches of the early theorists, and modern thinkers. While the early theories stressed that workers were motivated by money and that there were no conflict of interest between the goals of the workers and the organization. Now it is universally recognized that organizations are social entities and not just economic ones, workers are not motivated by money alone, there can exist conflict of interest between the employees' and organizational goals, employees need not always behave logically and existence of informal groups affect employee behaviour. "These studies added much to our knowledge of human behaviour in organizations and created pressure for management to change the traditional ways of managing human resources. The Human Relations Movement pushed managers toward gaining participative support of lower levels of the organization in solving organization problems. The Movement also fostered a more open and trusting environment and a greater emphasis on groups rather than just individuals" (Wertheim). A theory known as Theory Z has incorporated American and Japanese Management practices was propounded by Mr. William Ouchi in 1981. The salient points of this theory is efforts to provide long term employment, a hand in decision making, individual responsibility in the place of collective responsibility, slow evaluation of work and slow promotion and a concern toward the not only the employee but his family as well. "In 1981, William Ouchi came up with a method that would combine American and Japanese managing practice together to form Theory Z. In order for him to accomplish this, he had to learn about the Japanese culture. He had to find out why the Japanese quality and productivity were much higher than the American" (Colon). Literature review Organisational behaviour is the study of the behaviour of the human resources and its impact on the organisation. "Organisational Behaviour (OB) is the study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations" (Organisational behaviour. 2007). Organisational behaviour is the sum total of the behaviour of the employees in the organisation. The attitude of the management has great influence over the organisational behaviour. A better interpersonal relationship is very essential for a better organisational be

Real Estate Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Real Estate Sustainability - Essay Example Therefore, the elevated performance by the standard chartered bank has resulted from its investments in energy proficient technologies that are within its buildings, inclusive of the smart lighting, the photovoltaic panels, effective cooling systems and water recycling among others. Standard chartered approaches the issue of sustainability of the real estate portfolio using four elements that include planet, profit, people and project ((Siemens, 2012). The methods that are employed in improving the sustainability of the real estate portfolio by the bank usually require a number of tools to support the improvements and deliver the major indicators such as access to energy and sanitation. The existing tools and management systems employed currently by the Bank include sustainable foot printing, LEED, BREEAM, and the IPD Environment code. These are the key assessment tools used by the bank for evaluating sustainable real estate portfolio. These tools normally go beyond measuring the efficiency of energy on a building and incorporate the spatial, economical and social aspects enabling the approach on planet people profit and project to be an extremely sustainable approach on real estate. BREEAM, which is one of the available tools at SCB (Standard Chattered Bank) for improving the sustainable real estate portfolio, is an environmental profiling type that assesses the environmental performance and construction material of a portfolio. The tool assesses transport, waste, water, heath, and energy among other things. The tool, which allows for a stimulation of demand for sustainable buildings and mitigation of the influences of a building on the environment, has been employed by the Bank and key indicators achieved in its implementation. Standard Chattered Bank recently secured an improved tool referred to as BREEAM

Definition of the Word Courage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Definition of the Word Courage - Essay Example The average person derives an image of a superhero when thinking about courage. However, that a limited view of what courage means. This is because it can be applied to so many other aspects of life. The second half of the definition in regards to negative forces is what allows for individual perspective on the word. For example, courage can pertain to a person stopping a gunman from shooting another victim despite the immense danger he or she faces in possibly getting maimed or dying in the process. On the other hand, courage can be reflected in the depths of an individual who recently became crippled and has to face the pain, difficulty, and fear of starting life in a new way with new challenges. Both situations involve a form of evil to some extent and to be courageous is appropriately applied to the people involved.   As the discussion highlights  the situation also does not have to be a severe one that radically changes peoples’ lives. There is no indication in the definition of courage that there has to be a big or massive negative situation that happens to someone for it to maintain its context. Courage can be applied to as little a situation as giving a successful speech in front of a classroom of students or having the courage to try something new whether it is a type of food or physical activity.

An act of heroism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An act of heroism - Essay Example If a dog from the Humane Society is adopted, it gives them a second chance. Due to the volume of stray pets left on the street, some Humane Societies still put dogs and cats to sleep. I cannot bear to think of dogs being killed, just because of human error. The human error begins when a pet is not spade or neutered. Then when a pet becomes to much or unwanted, they are turned out on the streets due to human error. So I decided to visit the local Humane Society to find a new pet. I had decided a German Shepard mix, or maybe a lab would make the best pet. In the viewing room, dogs barked and howled. All that was present on the day I went were small and medium dogs. I did not find a dog that felt right. Dejectedly I went out of the viewing room, running into a Humane Society worker. He pointed me to the ‘Big Dog’ and ‘Small Dog’ rooms down the hallway. I walked to the ‘Big Dog’ room. This room was three times the size of the viewing room. Around forty cages were lined up in four rows. German Shepards, labs, and other large dogs were in almost every cage. I walked up and down the aisles. One dog caught my eye. He looked like a fur ball sitting on a pillow. I knew if he was given a pillow, he was sick or just had surgery. No one had picked up his card. I was not sure if I could take care of a large sick dog. However no other dog caught my eye. I decided not to get the big dog. After I left the Humane Society without a dog, I felt guilty. My mind kept going back to the large white and gray fur ball. After two days, I decided to go back. If the white and gray fur ball was still there, I would adopt him. When I went back to the ‘Big Dog’ room, the white and gray fur ball was there. I grabbed his card and took it to the front desk. The worker told me this dog was in bad shape. He was an Alaskan Malamute. His fur was so matted that the workers could not tell if he was a boy or girl at first. He could not

Explanation of Giovanni Battista Gualli's The Triumph Of The Name Of Essay

Explanation of Giovanni Battista Gualli's The Triumph Of The Name Of Jesus And The Fall Of The Damned - Essay Example In the clouds are the saints and other holy men who exudes adoration and extends praises. Aside from the enormous light that invites the holy people in the kingdom of Jesus, there are also men who vanishes to be part of the everlasting life as they are being casted down to hell by the same light that eminates the blessed. Extraordinarily, the work is striking the symbolism of what God wants us to believe and how he wants us to understand him. Thus, the work went beyond symbolism as it appears to bring you into reality as you experience close encounter with the painting. It serves as a walk-through the triumph of Jesus which gives you the feeling that the holy works is really happening. The way the large group of figures spill over the edge of the frame that seems to extend over your heads is not only there to make things appear real but its there for a deeper reason and that is for us learn how short in the distance that separates man on earth and Jesus on heaven. Truly, it can never be that far. The clouds on the other hand, strikes the great deal of solidity, serenity and color awakening us of the good things the earthly world has to offer. Thus, we should not be blinded by these because there are greater things beyond it that is yet to be explored.

How Dell Uses Effective Strategy to Gain Competitive Advantage Dissertation

How Dell Uses Effective Strategy to Gain Competitive Advantage - Dissertation Example Dell being among the primary sellers of computers is what has led to the question of what type of strategy is often utilized. Learning about the type of strategy being initiated by Dell is significant as it enables the reader to understand what it takes to be the best in the market. Therefore, the strategy that is being utilized by Dell Corporation is the direct sales approach. Dell Corporation direct sales approach is one of the most successful strategic innovations of the past that has generated positive results for the company. The firm was able to come up with a model that undercuts its competitors on price, forge closer links with its clients and offer shareholders a return several times as compared to the market price. Significantly, Dell’s direct sales model was initially singularly suited with the intention of maximizing the cash conversion cycle. The firm was able to carry little inventory in the process because it bought components on a just-in-time basis. The signif icance of the approach is customers often paid Dell Corporation more quickly than it paid suppliers, and, as a result, cash flow at Dell was positive. Furthermore, little inventory for Dell led to the reduction in component costs that could easily be passed rapidly to clients. The outcome of the process, therefore, led the firm to improve its competitive position in the market. Furthermore, the direct sales model made Dell an industry and shareholder’s sweetheart, a high-tech pioneer with seemingly limitless growth.

Athenian audience Essay Example for Free

Athenian audience Essay Athenian audience with the references made to Athenian hypocrisy and the challenges and questions he raised on some of the moral issues of the time and the questions that he asked in his plays were sometimes ill received such as the role of women etc. Despite this, Euripides did win the tragedy prize with Hippolytus and is revered as a great playwright in present day drama. From some of the female characters that Euripides develops in his plays, one could assume that Euripides was a misogynist. However, it is wrong to say that all of his female characters are wicked and evil; Euripides has created some wonderful and interesting female characters as well as the wicked ones. Perhaps The Assembly Women actually had wrong motive for their revolt! In Alcestis, the title character, the wife of Admetus (the King of Pherae) sacrifices herself for her husbands life. A most noble act and Euripides portrays her character, as the model of what a Greek wife should be: completely and utterly devoted to their husband to the extent of dieing for the man that supports them. The Greek audience and modern alike will like Alcestis, as she is a sweet natured and noble woman. She most certainly would have won the hearts of the Greek audience. As she is such a noble character and the measure of her kindness toward her husband is so great, Euripides had to bring her back. So the heroic Heracles wends his way to Hades kingdom and brings her back. In Electra, again the title role, at the beginning of the play, comes across as a very sorrowful young woman. She has cut her hair out of mourning for her murdered father, Agamemnon. He was murdered by her mother, Clytemnestra, as he had to sacrifice their daughter and then brought home a concubine (Cassandra). When Agamemnon did get home, Clytemnestra had fallen in love with Aegisthus. Therefore, so far in the play, Electra comes across as a woman very much devoted to her father and hates her mother for murdering him. So far so justified. However, when she happens to meet her brother, Orestes, she convinces him to kill their mother. At this point she comes across as a very wicked conniving young lady. It seems as though she had been waiting for Orestes return to make him do this. When Orestes has doubts over killing Clytemnestra, she bullies him into doing it. She knew the result she wanted to get and she got it. Clytemnestra, if you havent read or seen Aeschylus Agamemnon, comes across as a less conniving woman than her daughter. She comes across as a very powerful and domineering woman. She arrives in the play in a chariot and commands the slaves to help her down. She is very aware of her class and position and will not back down from her decision to murder Agamemnon and regards it as the right thing to do. In this sense we must respect her for sticking by her decision and understand that Agamemnon did kill their daughter and come back with a concubine. In a very slight way, she is justified. Therefore, Euripides has created in Electra a very complicated character. We as the audience or readers assume that she had been planning her revenge on her mother for some time and was just waiting for Orestes return to enact it. Before this point however, we can sympathise with her loss of a father and the pain that she must be going thorough to have the knowledge that it was her mother who murdered him. Clytemnestra, from this play, comes across a woman who sticks by her decision and who in speech ha the capacity to justify and handle herself well. Euripides has created two complicated female characters and in his portrayal of them has shown no signs of his rumoured misogyny. Euripides creates one of the greatest roles for any actress to play in Hecabe. The title role is not the aforementioned feet of extraordinary characterisation. However, Hecabe as a character is very interesting. The audience comes away not knowing what to think of her. She begins the play as a woman who has endured such a lot of pain as the former Queen of the now sacked citadel of Troy. She has reached the limit of endurance and collapses in sorrow. She has lost her entire family to a war over one woman, the infamous Helen. At the end of the play, however, she literally snaps from a grief stricken widow to a raving savage. She has Polymestor blinded and enjoys the gruesome description of the event and the sounds. According to legend, Hecabe turns into a dog due to her extreme torment that results into madness. This is what Polymestor tells her at the end of the play when his blind by her decision. The character this section opened with by praising is Polyxena. She is Hecabes daughter and Euripides develops her character beautifully. Odysseus informs Hecabe that her daughter must be sacrificed to the deceased Achilles. Without shedding a tear, Polyxena, heroically goes with Odysseus to accept her fate. As she is taken to the tomb of Peleus (Achilles father), Greek soldiers hold her and Achilles son gets ready with his sword to kill or to sacrifice her. She asks not to be held and the soldiers are taken away. She then tears her clothes off to the wait and bravely speaks and awaits the sword to be thrust into her chest. Euripides in this play has created two memorable female characters. The brave and heroic Polyxena and the complicated Hecabe. Again, no sign of any misogyny on Euripides part here, in fact the opposite in Polyxenas case. Creating a heroic woman is no mean feet in Ancient Greece and her character must have been received well as she is incredibly strong of character and of heart. Another great female character in Euripidean literature is Heracles wife Megara in the play Heracles. The play tells of how Hera (Queen of the gods, married to Zeus, whos father to Heracles) turned Heracles mad and in his madness killed his three sons and his wife Megara. This then lead him to go to the Delphic Oracle that told him to be a slave to Eurytheus thus leading to his infamous twelve labours. Anyhow, Megara, at the beginning of the play, thinks that she is a widow and is a vulnerable woman who has to be strong for her three young sons. However, Heracles actually is not dead and comes home to them in Thebes. He is then turned mad by Hera and shoots two of his sons with arrows in his madness. Megara takes the last son and locks herself in room but Heracles breaks in and shoots them both with one arrow.

Online examination system Essay Example for Free

Online examination system Essay Symmetric key length, public-key key length, comparing symmetric and public-key key length, Key Management: (3 Lectures) Generating keys, transferring keys, verifying keys, using keys, updating keys, storing keys, compromised keys, lifetime of keys, destroying keys, public key management, Algorithm Types and Modes: (10 Lecture) Electronic codebook mode, block replay, cipher block chaining mode, stream ciphers, cipher-feedback mode, output feedback mode, choosing a cipher mode, block ciphers vs. tream ciphers, Choosing an Algorithm, Choosing an algorithm, public-key vs. symmetric cryptography, encrypting communication channels, encrypting data for storage, Security Models, Windows, Linux, Web, Cookies, Biometrics (gummy fingers), Tempest, Viruses, Firewalls, System/Comprehensive Security Analysis Text Book/s – Stallings, W and Brown, L. , Computer Security: principles and practice, 2nd edition, 2011 Reference Material – – William Stallings, Cryptography and Network Security, 4th Edition, 2005, ISBN-13: 978-0131873162 Kaufman, Perlman, Speciner, Network Security: Private Communication in a Public World, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, 2002, ISBN-13: 978-0130460196 – Other books will be used in the course if necessary. Department Of Computer Science Information Technology, HIC Jauharabad Campus Instructional Aids/Resources Assessment Criteria Class Assessment 35% Quizzes and Test 15 Assignment and Presentations 10 Attendance and Class Participations 5 Assignments + Quizzes Mid 25% If Required: Final 40% If Required: Total 100%.

A holistic health care team

A holistic health care team Introduction When a patient is admitted into hospital a holistic health care team approach is essential to ensure the right measures are established for a successful recovery. This paper follows a case study of an elderly woman named Mrs. Win, who is post operative Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. The paper will explore her pervious medical history and the impact that it may have on her current health. Possible nursing problems post surgery will be explored, with focus on one key issue. Through collaboration with allied health services these complications can be addressed holistically. A nursing care plan will be constructed in accordance to the case study in regards to giving the patient the highest quality of care whilst in hospital and after discharge. Body of assignment Mrs Win is a 66 year old female patient who is vacationing around Australia in a caravan with her husband. The patient has a medical history of hypertension which is defined as having a persistent high blood pressure, as well as osteoarthritis which is the breakdown of cartilage in joints causing pain on movement (Berman, et al., 2008). Both conditions she self medicates with Atenolol, Paracetamol and Glucosamine. Mrs Win has just undergone a Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy which is a procedure that involves the removal of the gallbladder through microsurgery. Using advanced laparoscopic technology it is now possible to remove the gallbladder through a tiny incision in the stomach, this has numerous advantages for the patients wellbeing opposed to the traditional open abdominal surgery. The patient may have had her gallbladder removed for several reasons, these may include cholelithiasis (gallstones), acute and chronic cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder) or gallbladder cance r (Herbert et al., 2007). Post surgery Mrs Win has moderate pain, with respirations above the normal limits, her blood pressure is still consistently high however her pulse and oxygen saturation are regular (Berman, et al., 2008). After Mrs Win Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy there are several skills expected of nursing staff to implement so the patient avoids potential problems post operative and furthermore to manage current issues that may be associated with the surgery. Pain management is paramount to the care of a patient. Mrs Win is experiencing pain 3/10 in her abdomen and 5/10 at her right shoulder tip. It is crucial that pain is managed effectively as it can have a detrimental effect on her physical and psychological state, which will impact on her daily functions (St Marie, 2002). Mobility may also become an issue for Mrs Win post procedure due to a variety of reasons which will be discussed in detail later in the paper. Nutrition and hydration are essential to fuelling the body with energy. Mrs Win is complaining of nausea and is only tolerating small sips of water which is inadequate to sustaining normal daily function. Lack of nutrition impacts on her activities of daily living, hampers wound healing, the capacity to fight infection and her general recovery (Dudek, 2001). Mrs Win is also at a risk of impaired skin integrity due to poor nutrition, restricted mobility and her age. Without proper nursing support many factors could work against the patient and begin to breakdown her skin. It is essential pressure area care is performed every few hours to prevent decubitus ulcers (Berman, et al., 2008). Impaired respiratory function is also a key nursing issue as complications can arise with Mrs Wins breathing. Mrs Win is on oxygen therapy of 3L per minute via nasal cannula and currently has a respiratory rate of 22 breathes per minute which is above the normal range 20 breaths per minute (Berman, et al., 2008).Other potential breathing problems can be initiated by the narcotics she is taking for pain management this includes morphine as it can suppress the respiratory system (Bullock Manias, 2011). Wound care is a crucial nursing issue for Mrs Win post surgery as she has four incisions in her abdomen with Verivac drains insitu. Maintaining clean wound sites is essential to help guarantee the site heals effectively without the invasion of micro organisms which can cause infection that may lead to further complications (Bowler, Duerdun, Armstrong, 2001). Constipation with Mrs Win can become a potential nursing issue whilst in hospital and after discharge. This implication can arise due to the gastro Intestinal track being lethargic after surgery because of general anaesthetic or the trauma received to stomach during the operation. Peristalsis may also be delayed as constant lying on the back can inhibit this movement of the bowel( Mattson Porth, Matfin, 2009) This would make Mrs Win feel uncomfortable and can be medicated with oral laxatives or suppositories (Bullock Manias, 2011). Mobility would be a major issue for Mrs Win during her hospital stay and furthermore after her discharge because she is travelling around the country by caravan. Mobility is defined as the ability of a person to move efficiently and effectively from one place to another with comfort and ease (Crepeau, Cohn Schell, 2003). A person being immobile can severely impacts on their activities of daily living and take away their independence, which can become detrimental to the persons mental wellbeing (Crisp Taylor, 2005).Post surgery from Mrs Win Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy her mobility would be significantly affected for various reasons. She is experiencing pain which will put off any movement as it would be uncomfortable furthermore she is nauseous and may not feel confident getting out of bed. Mrs Win may be dizzy and fatigued from the pain medication which may also restrict her movements. Additionally the patient is on oxygen therapy, an intravenous line and Verivac drains insitu the se factors may discourage movement. Anxiety of these restricting factors may also deter Mrs Win to ambulate. Impaired mobility can have detrimental affects the body physically and mentally. Without movement venous circulation slows down and the coagulation of blood increases causing thrombus and embolus (â€Å"Nursing fundamentals: the effects of immobility,† 2007) The respiratory system can be notably affected as hypostatic pneumonia may develop because immobile patients have pooling of chest secretions in the lungs and this congestion predispose the respiratory tract to infections (â€Å"Nursing fundamentals: the effects of immobility,† 2007). Other consequences from immobility include muscle atrophy due to lack of exercise and the formation of pressure sores if left in the same position for a prolonged time (â€Å"Nursing fundamentals: the effects of immobility,† 2007). Impaired mobility can hinder Mrs Win personal hygiene which can psychologically affect her if she feels she is losing her independence (Crisp Taylor, 2005). Allied health services would be of great assistance to help Mrs Win recuperate after her operation. Holistic care can be provided to the patient to help with her issue of immobility, the professionals that can help include: an Occupational Therapist, a Physiotherapist, Dietician and a Social Worker. An Occupational Therapist would be beneficial for Mrs Win to help her resolve the issues which hamper her undertaking activities of daily living. An Occupational Therapist considers the persons environment and implements strategies or equipment to help clients increase their independence with daily tasks including washing, dressing and getting in/out of caravan(Crepeau, Cohn Schell, 2003).The occupational therapist could asses her caravan and see if it is suitable for a person recovering from surgery who also has a history of osteoarthritis and if needed make changes to help Mrs Win cope with immobility (e.g. a rail to help her step up into the caravan). Physiotherapists endeavour to develop functional ability of physically impaired clients which will improve their quality of life. A Physiotherapist develops plans based on individual needs to help their clients ambulate with reduced pain and to restore the normal functions of body movement (Herbert et al., 2007). Mrs Win would profit from the help of a Physiotherapist because she is in pain and has decreased mobility following surgery, furthermore her osteoarthritis is contributing to her condition. Mrs Win would have problems with carrying out daily tasks so she can take benefit from care planning and exercises to assist the return of strength, normal function and mobility. An essential element to recovery from surgery is the consumption of a nutritional and healthy diet which is why a dietician would help Mrs Win recuperate post surgery. Dieticians have skills to personalise healthy diets and educate individuals on good nutrition (Dudek, 2001). Mrs Win would benefit from this service as she is not eating hence her meals need to be designed to give maximum nutrition to create the energy needed to facilitate a recovery and fuel mobility. A dietician can additionally educate Mrs Win on foods which stimulate the production of bile needed to break down foods. Bile production is crucial for Mrs Win as she no longer can store bile in her gallbladder so she may need to produce more to help with the digestion process. Incorporated into Mrs Wins care planning could be a Social Worker whose role is to improve the quality of living by assisting them to handle and solve issues with daily life (Payne, 2005). Travelling around the country in a caravan, Mrs Win is away from her support networks and may struggle to deal with daily tasks due to poor mobility. The social worker can organise coping mechanisms to help her deal with the immobility or alternatively arrange accommodation close by until Mrs Win is healthy enough to travel again. Conclusion This paper explored the case study of Mrs Win a 66 year old female post operative from a Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. We explored her pervious medical history and defined the implications it can have on her current health and furthermore discussed the patients medical diagnosis. In relation to her medical diagnosis several nursing issues where identified with the emphasis on the key problem of immobility and what impact this has on Mrs Win. The paper proposed which allied health services could be beneficial to Mrs Wins recovery. Finally a care plan was constructed with the intent to better the patients health by setting health goals and plans to achieve them. An evaluation was made to determine whether these plans where effective in improving Mrs Win quality of living with all documentation supported with relevant and reputable information.

Literature On Solid Waste Management In Nigeria Environmental Sciences Essay

Literature On Solid Waste Management In Nigeria Environmental Sciences Essay Research both past and present into solid waste in Nigeria like most developing countries with an absence of adequate solid waste management system has been focused more on adequate collection and disposal options than on the waste generators, storage or even an avenue for waste reduction which aids in reuse and recycling, hence creating major gaps. These gaps are areas that need to address to ensure that there is a sustainable management of solid waste generated to prevent environmental hazards. 2.1.1 Purpose of the Literature Review This chapter review gives an overview of the situation of solid waste management in developing countries critically examining and summarising studies by various researchers in academic books, professional and academic journals, published and unpublished works and electronic media. This literature review would aid in identifying appropriate methodology to achieve the aim of this research. In addition, source separation a relatively understudied concept has been identified and recommended by many researchers as an avenue for waste reduction. It has also been suggested as providing alternative means of practicing proper waste management apart from collection and disposal. (Cointreau-Levine Gopalan, 2000:Imam et al, 2008) This study into institutional solid waste management with the aim of identifying dynamics that influence/affect separation at source at households in the campus will create a means of addressing waste reduction and proper implementation of solid waste management options. According to UNEP (2005), the logical starting point for the proper management of solid waste is to reduce the amounts of waste managed, either informally within the generators site or formally (externally) by another entity once the waste is discarded by the generator. Thereby reducing waste quantities collected or otherwise managed. 2.1.2 Literature Search The search for literature can be very time consuming and futile if proper strategies are not developed. To aid in the literature search, the following was prepared: Firstly, the topic, boundary (Developing countries: Nigeria) and problem statement was agreed on. Then I identified of the disciplines with a stake in solid waste. They include: Health, Science and Technology Waste Waste Management Environmental Urban Secondly, Keywords broad and narrow were developed. They are: Municipal Solid waste , Solid waste Management Institutional Solid Waste Separation at source , Source separation Waste segregation, separation Household solid waste manag* Participation/Incentives in solid waste Motivating factors, attitudinal behaviours Solid waste management in Nigeria University of Benin To this end, the author sought the advice of the WEDC resource centre manager. She showed me books and journals on solid waste (management) but told me that most of the journals were available online for latest on any research and my search will be more extensive using the internet. She also recommended the use of Loughborough University, search engine Metalib, for searching and interrogation of the various databases for articles and journals on the subject matter (Science direct, CSA illumina) Following her recommendation and my initial write up, a data interrogation search was done using Metalib on the following database using the keywords above, either truncated, with * or adding two keyword together using the OR because the AND was giving irrelevant data . Environmental Sciences and Pollution management Abstracts (CSA Illumina) Aqualine (CSA Illumina) Science Direct From this site, the following journals were found with relevant data. Waste Management Waste Management and Research Habitat International Environmental Management Resource, Conservation and Recycling Google Search Engine and Goggle Scholar were searched using the keywords above. The sources of information obtained include: More Journals articles from the above stated journals Solid waste Management Volume 1:United Nation Environmental Programme (UNEP) J.C Agunwanba:(Google scholar) with articles on Waste management in some parts of Nigeria The World Bank; Urban Solid Waste management (community initiatives) WEDC WELL factsheets and studies: solid waste management I chose this approach to ensure an extensive and appropriate search in all areas of solid waste management and Research into developing countries of which Nigeria is apart. My use of the Internet was to ensure that as many recent journals, conferences and researches in Nigeria are available for scrutiny. This systematic review will initially focus on identifying waste characteristics and components, then the roles and involvement of the different stakeholders, their attitudes and perspectives towards waste and finally the different concepts of source separation as it is practiced. This would help in analyzing and recognizing the past and present problems and solutions in cities and universities in developing countries especially Nigeria. The summary section would scrutinize the methodologies used in the above reviewed literature and its adaptation for use in this research. Also included are the main findings from the reviewed literature and the gaps in knowledge this research aims to address. 2.2 Solid waste management practices in Developing countries. In an attempt to accelerate the pace of its industrial development, an economically developing nation may fail to pay adequate attention to solid waste management. Such a failure incurs a severe penalty later in the form of reusable resources needlessly lost and a staggering adverse impact on the environment and on public health and safety.(UNEP, 2005) This is the problem presently facing most developing countries: rapid population growth due to rapid urban development hence more waste to manage. (Singhal Pandey, 2001) 2.2.1 Waste Generation and Composition The saying goes that if you can measure it you can manage it this is a viewpoint that is especially important and a solution that most developing countries have not been able to accomplish in solid waste management. There is no measure of the waste generated and so management becomes difficult and inefficient. According to( Vaughan , 1971), information on the composition and quantity of solid waste is indispensable to design, implementation and operation of any solid waste management system of today and helps to forecast the requirements of tomorrow. As stated above most developing countries are plagued with solid waste management problems that are degrading the urban environment and posing a serious threat to the natural resources and consequently holding back development (Sujauddin.,M., et al 2008) solving this problem will require knowledge about the per capital waste generated, composition and also attitudes towards waste. The authors found that there are many variables that affect the composition and the quantities of waste generated this include population growth, the socioeconomic factors (income, education, age, land ownership) which is the reverse for most developed countries. The major constituents of developing countries waste is about 66% organic, which is about 30% of the total waste generated showing that composting, would be a very good way of waste management (recycling). (ibid) 2.2.2 Institutional Arrangement The key institutions responsible for solid waste management services include public sector, formal private sector, informal private sector and community based non-governmental organisations. (ABC, 1988) The proper identification of their roles and responsibilities has been cited as a major influence in a sustainable solid waste management. At present, the public sector is responsible for service delivery of solid waste management in most developing countries and they are finding it difficult due to the rapid explosion in population growth hence more waste to manage. Some major problems that affect the municipalities inadequacy to provide good solid waste system include poor planning, lack of experienced staff, inappropriate equipments and technology, insufficient funds and landfill sites for disposal.( Coad, 2005: Hossain Siwar 2002). Collection, transportation and disposal have been a major problem in delivering efficient solid waste management services. In India cities collection efficiency is between 40 -70 % due to inadequate transport capacity and deficient workforce even with the municipalities allocation of 85-90% of the total budget to the service (Nema, 2004: Sharholy et al 2008) To rectify this inadequacy and provide better services some sources have recommended institutional changes like privatization transferring of the responsibilities to private sector while the public sector deals with policies and regulations (Hossain Siwar, 2002: Cointreau-Levine et al, 2000: World Bank,2003). The authors have argued that privatization will reduce the burden on government, increase the efficiency and effectiveness of municipal solid waste (MSW) services, decreases costs, source reduction and improve recycling thereby reducing the waste that goes for final disposal and increasing the life cycle of disposal sites. They also state that this can only work with sustainable frameworks supported by viable government policies and regulations. Poor solid waste management creates serious threat to human health and well-being especially with indiscriminate open dumping which clogs drains and sewerage creating breeding grounds for rodents and insects leading to disease spread and ground water contamination.( Majani,2000:Gonzenbach. Coad, 2007: Kumar et al, 2009) To aid in proper solid waste management certain cities have set rules (Bennagen et al ,2002: Sarkhel Banerjee, 2009) to necessitate the mandatory segregation of waste at generators level and also the concordance between collection and disposal facilities to ensure the establishment of local recycling and composting plants. The study showed that households were ready to participate and their participation would increase if there was going to be regular collection, variable user charges and appropriate garbage collection i.e. not collecting both recyclables and other waste in the same vehicle. (Bennagen et al., 2002) Informal Sector The role of the informal sector (waste pickers, scavengers, sweepers) in solid waste management is identified as been crucial in waste reduction though to what amount it cannot be effectively determined.(Wilson et al , 2006). Most of their activities are driven by the need to supplement income and to reduce poverty. They operate at all levels in the solid waste chain from generation to disposal removing the recyclables and trading it. These waste pickers with organisation and support would create jobs for the minority in the society, reduce poverty, save municipalities money, improve industrial competitiveness, conserve natural resources and protect the environment. The government in many developing countries: Argentina, Brazil, India, Uruguay, Colombia, Mexico have identified the necessities of recognising and identifying this stakeholders especially in light of attaining Goal 7 of the millennium development goals thereby creating an inclusive, socially desirable, economically viabl e and environmentally sound solid waste management system. Waste pickers activities are recognised for their role in reducing the waste to be collected transported and disposed e.g. Jakarta 25% reduction. (Medina, 2008) 2.2.3 Attitudes and Preferences Attitude is termed in this study as the feeling and thoughts while perception is insight and awareness which encourages participation. To ensure the sustainability of any SWM system there has to be a change of government perception to that of recognising the importance of people. The current global challenges of urban solid waste (Ali, 2006(Ed)) states demand a people centred approach, change in public attitude to consumption and increased relationship between the people and the government. With new approaches to waste management to tackle the challenges of the increased waste generated by the population, increased cost of waste management leads to increase user charges. This (ibid) stated will only be sustainable if the government recognises the importance of people in planning, designing and operating any solid waste system. Bisson (2002) stated that since waste is a product of human behaviour, to maintain a good waste management we need information on the behaviour and attitude of people with regard to waste and accurate data on waste generation Source separation and other recycling practices at households is greatly supported in its role to reduction of waste, municipality costs but in practice might not be successful because of the understanding of funds and the workload involved. (Chung S.S C.S Poon, 1996: Ghorbani et al, 2007). The authors concluded that economic incentives as well as education about environmental benefits of waste separation by householders would result in active participation of people in separating wastes in the home. Chung S.S C.S Poon (1996) further found that consumption rate might increase if waste is recycled hence education awareness programs. They suggested that the involvement of all household members and not only the housewives, binary not multiple separation schemes will further increase its success rate. One likely consequence of households paying close attention to their refuse is that people will become more aware of the waste they generate and will become less wasteful thus saving resources and further reducing collection costs. (Kassim, 2006) Various authors (Bennagen., June 2002: Sujauddin.,M., et al 2008) have reported that there is an eagerness for communities to participate in solid waste management schemes, pay for services but the payment should not be unit but as per user and with government support. 2.2.4 Source Separation Source separation according to GDRC (n.d) is the setting aside of compostable and recyclable materials from the waste stream before they are collected with other MSW, to facilitate reuse, recycling, and composting. During the UN conference in Johannesburg in 2002 reduction of waste through source separation was affirmed as one of the steps, which the local government can implement to maximize environmental sound waste use, recycling and diversion of useful materials from the waste stream. Facing the problems of solid waste management, (Strange, K 2002: UNEP, 2005) argues can be done through plans and programs which encourage source separation and this he stated will help in minimising waste for disposal. Schà ¼beler et al (1996) further added that the introduction of source separation ought to be in a pragmatic and incremental manner beginning with pilot activities to access and encourage the interest and willingness of users to participate. In most developing countries, the practice of source separation is by the informal sector at a very small scale. In cities of developing countries, source separation provides a means of employment, reduces the total amount of waste for disposal, and at landfills through the support of governing bodies and community based organisation (Lardinios Furedy, 1999: Fehr et al, 2009) Waste separation increases the quality of produced compost and recyclables, and optimizes incineration. It also enables better financing of waste management activities and minimizes the energy and labour inputs to any downstream processes (Murray, 1999). Source-separation pilot programs have been tested in some developing countries but total recovery of recyclables have been hindered due to the large amount of water contents in the waste and high percentage of food waste food waste (Zhuang et al,2007: Tadesse., 2008), The motivations for materials separation and reuse in developing countries include: scarcity or expense of virgin materials; the level of absolute poverty; income supplement, the frugal values of even relatively well-to-do households; and the large markets for used goods and products made from recycled plastics and metals. (UNEP, 2005: Sarkhel Banerjee, 2009: Fehr et al, 2009) Fehr et al (2009) further recommended the introduction of legal instruments within a municipal model that mandate source separation and encourages educational and legal measures for solid waste management success. (Joseph, 2006; Zhuang et al, 2007: Fehr et al, 2009 agree that any source separation program needs people centred participation, monitoring, awareness creation and support. Below are some of the advantages of source separated over co-mingled waste Table 1 Separate/mixed collection Separate Collection Mixed Collection Extends landfill life. Removes potential recyclables from the waste stream. Lowers net disposal costs. Done by the household. No extra cost for the community. Highly applicable to residential waste. Industrial waste may be recycled through industrial waste exchanges. An effective and reliable tool for recycling. Can be implemented on small-scale, then expanded. Recyclables are usually uncontaminated by garbage and other debris It is not time or space consuming for the residents. The facility does not need additional space to handle recyclables. Basic technology is needed The effectiveness of the collection system does not depend on how people prepare recyclables. There is no need for established secondary markets Guidelines for Municipal Solid Waste Management in the Mediterranean Region ( ) 2.2.5 Solid waste practices in universities of developing countries Higher institutions have the responsibility of having high moral and ethical obligation to the environment because they are expected to produce leaders in environmental protection movement. Armijo de Vega (2008) research acknowledges the good use of campuses as a case study for solid waste management (SWM) options for the following reasons; Not much has not been reported on the topic, They been independent to a great extent, campuses can accommodate pioneering SWM approaches that can filter down to other communities later, Thirdly, since it involves students at various levels it can serve to sensitize as well as easily train them in good SWM practices, and Finally, SWM practices adopted by higher education institutions have a great potential of being adopted by surrounding communities because these institutions generally are held in high esteem. The efforts towards responsible waste management should stem from these institutions. Besides, appropriate waste management would bring benefits to the institution such as a reduction of the financial resources destined to waste management, but, above all, it would set an example to the students and the community. (Mbuligwe .2002: Maldonado, 2006) Furthermore the authors discovered that the type of waste generated on campus (recyclables and organic) provides a lot of avenue for reuse, recycling and recovery thereby reducing the quantity of waste disposed in landfill by more than 60%.(ibid) 2.3 Solid waste management Practices in Nigeria 2.3.1 Waste Composition Nigeria is a nation that exemplifies chronic solid waste management problems in conjunction with population growth. It is the most populous country in Africa, with over 120 million residents (World Bank 1996), and over the past 50 years, has had the third largest urban growth rate in the world at 5.51% annually (UNWUP 1999). In Nigeria though there has been some studies into the determination of waste composition and generation to enhance the provision of solid waste management services, this studies are outdated (Adedibu 1985) or have been done at the landfills (Mbuligwe., 2002). This does not take into consideration the quantities of waste that are separated by the waste pickers and animals before collection. (Ogwueleka, 2009: Iman et al 2008 ) agree that indistinctive legislative policies and regulation, lack of data on the generated waste, inappropriate technology for collection and disposal, no planned framework and inadequate population characteristics are some of the factors affecting the knowledge of municipal solid waste composition in Nigeria to develop better disposal methods. Other factors include political, economic and social. The majority of substances composing municipal solid waste include paper, vegetable matter, plastics, metals, textile, rubber and glass (Ogwueleka, 2009:Imam., 2008). They found that the major component of solid waste is organic waste (40-64%) which is wetter, corrosive with high density (Ogwueleka, 2009)and agree that composting will be an adequate solid waste practice to reduce the waste especially (Iman et al 2008) with the removal of government subsidies for the sale of fertilizers creating a market for it. Controlled landfill (Adedibu, 1985) stated is another SWM option for disposal. This is not recommendable because of the complex technology and funds which the government cannot provide. Efficient recycling and composting could save 18.6% in waste management costs and 57.7% in landfill cost (Agunwamba, 1998). Waste characteristics vary according to season, population, climate, and industrial production, the size of markets for waste materials and the extent of urbanization, effectiveness of recycling, and work reduction. (Ogwueleka, 2009). Other factors affecting increased waste generation among residents in Nigeria cities are change in social economic and educational circumstance. 2.3.2 Attitudes and Perceptions According to (Agunwamba, 2003: Iman et al 2008) public awareness, social ideals, beliefs and attitudes to waste can affect all stages in the solid waste management process. This has an impact on household waste storage, waste segregation, recycling, collection frequency, littering and fly-tipping (illegal dumping), willingness to pay for waste management services, and the level and type of opposition to waste treatment and disposal facilities. In Nigeria, the general public attitude towards waste management is poor. . A man may live in a neatly kept house but refuse to cooperate with his fellow residents in keeping the surroundings of the building clean. As long as the waste materials are not inside his house, he feels no concern. Government attitude towards solid waste management is the introduction of in appropriate technology without the consultation of the people using the services (Agunwamba, 1998). In addition, they consider the informal sector a menace (Ogwueleka, 2009) and try all means to eradicate them. Most Nigerians associated wealth with lavish spending, which generates much waste as a by-product. They perceive waste pickers/workers as poor and so make little or no effort to cooperate in waste management activities. Similarly, in homes waste removal to bins classified as childrens work. Since the bins were not designed with, their small stature wastes are dumped on the ground, creating more work for the waste workers and increasing collection time reducing efficiency. (ibid) As for the waste workers, poor remuneration and stagnation in promotion has created a reduced interest in proper solid waste management. They go about doing their jobs haphazardly. The poor attitude to waste been exhibited can be changed with proper enlightenment programs and patient extension efforts that are reinforced continuously even after project completion. This will negate ignorance, materialistic tendencies, and apathy and reinforce their responsibility to the environmental. (Agunwamba, 1998) 2.3.3 Institutional Arrangement With knowledge of the illegal dumping of toxic waste in June 1988, (Adegoroye., 1994) the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) was created. The landmark Federal legislation on environmental protection in Nigeria was the decree Number 58 of 1988, which established the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). The specific role of FEPA with respect to solid waste management is to (Onibokun, 1999): Study the most reliable systems that are appropriate for local, domestic and industrial wastes. Specify waste disposal and treatment methods that take into consideration the geological and environmental setting and encourage recycling. Specify waste disposal sites that guarantee the safety of surface and underground water systems. Set up and enforce standards for adequate sanitary facilities for the disposal of human and other solid wastes in dwellings, housing estates and public facilities in both urban and rural areas. Establish monitoring programmes including periodic surveillance of approved waste disposal sites and their surroundings and waste water systems. Establish monitoring stations for the control of the disposal of leachate from dumpsites into surface water and groundwater systems Under this Act, all states and local government set up their own environmental protection body for the protection and improvement of the environment within its jurisdiction. In 1999 (Ogwueleka, 2009), FEPA was taken over by the Federal Ministry of Environment to combat some of the challenges faced which include absence of pollution waste management laws, lack of environmental enforcement, funding, role conflicts power play between FEPA workers and some powerful individuals whose companies not ready to pay for services. It still conformed to all the regulation stated above but even with this change of hands, there was still inadequate provision of solid waste services in Nigeria. According to (Imam et al, 2008: Ogwueleka, 2009) solid waste management in Nigeria is characterised by in efficient collection methods, insufficient coverage of the collection system and improper disposal. Lack of institutional arrangement, insufficient funds absence of standards and by-laws, insufficient information on waste composition and quantity, inflexible work schedule and inappropriate technology transfer are the common constraints faced by environmental agencies in solid waste management.75-95% of the revenue of solid waste is spent on collection and disposal and only 40-70% is collected from the urban areas. Most of the rural areas have no SWM facility. Presently emphasis is been focused on better institutional arrangement through privatization and less on collection and disposal due to the inadequate government service delivery. Privatization is been tested in cities like Abuja (Imam., 2008), Lagos (Ogwueleka, 2009) and Benin (Ogu., 2000) but have not improved the service delivery due to all the factors above including corruption, lack of planning of route service delivery, affordability and acceptability. Finally, (Ogwueleka, 2009) argued that since in Nigeria there is an abundance of cheap labour the use of a low capital cost and labour intensive solution that reduces poverty will be preferred. It should include low technology like handcarts and pickup trucks for collection, informal sector involvement (waste pickers), training, local waste recycling and reduction projects, transfer stations to reduce operating cost, community participation and involvement. In conclusion Adegoreyo, (1994) stated that stable leadership and firm commitment of government in formative years to any enforcement programme with set goals, objectives and responsibilities including capacity building should be uttermost to ensure the improvements. 2.3.4 Source Separation Studies into source separation in Nigeria though it is highly relevant according to most researchers are not been preformed. (Onibokun., 1999: Ogu., 2000: Agunwamba, 2003).This has constrained the author to review literature of other developing countries, implementation methods and success rate of source separation to infer if it will adequate for Nigeria. The scavengers do little or no form of recycling it is more of reuse. (Agunwamba, 2003) Informal Practices In Nigeria, gifts of clothes and goods to relatives, charities, and servants as a means of source separation are significant in waste reduction. However, the greatest amount of materials recovery is achieved through the following: (a) Itinerant waste buyers (IWBs): These are waste collectors who often go from door-to-door, collecting specific recyclable materials and/or organic wastes from households, which they buy or barter. Individual IWBs tend to specialize in one or two kinds of materials. (b) Street waste picking: Secondary raw materials recovered from mixed waste found on streets or extracted from communal bins before collection. (c) Municipal waste collection crew: Secondary raw materials recovered from vehicles transporting waste to disposal sites. (d) Waste picking from dumps: Waste pickers/ scavengers sort through waste before it is covered at the site of final disposal, which is still generally open dumping in Nigeria. (Wilson et al, 2009) From the point of view of waste reduction, the traditional practices of repair and reuse, and the sale, barter, or gift-giving of used goods and surplus materials are an advantage to the poorer countries. Quantities of inorganic post-consumer wastes entering the MSW stream would be higher if these forms of waste reduction did not exist.(UNEP,2005) Formal Practices. There is no formal practice in place for source separation at present although Federal Ministry of Environment (2000) specified in the Blue print for municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Nigeria that separation at source is one of the viable alternatives/complement to an integrated solid waste management programme. 2.3.5 Solid waste practices in universities in Nigeria 2.4 Solid waste practices in University of Benin, Benin-City Solid waste management in the university is the collection and disposal of waste. The waste generated is placed in bins for collection. There is no informal sector to do any separation though some of the waste workers salvage the useful recyclables for reuse but this does not even account for up to 1% of the total amount generated. Most times the waste generated is so much that not all the waste is removed during collection so decomposition begins on the left over waste, which will cause bad odours and breeding grounds for rodents and disease carrying insects. Some leachates are also produced which might pollute the land and water around. The final disposal site for the waste is an open dump that allows further pollution because there is no control over waste deposited or the by-products of open dump disposal. Without adequate attention, there is a major risk to the health of the staff and students in the university and to the environment. 3. Summary of Literature Review 3.1 Methodologies Most of the researches into waste characterization were studied using quantitative and qualitative methods (questionnaires, interviews, observation, focus groups and fieldwork) this is to ensure the viability of the studies and close the loop (Chung S.S Poon C.S.,1996: Ghorbani M. et al , 2007:Imam., 2008). For sampling, random sampling was employed since some information about the sample space is known