Essay on Vengeance in Shakespeares Hamlet - The Theme of...

The Theme of Revenge in Hamlet In Shakespeares tragedy, Hamlet, the thoughts of revenge are introduced early in the play. At the end of the first act, Hamlet meets the ghost of his deceased father. He is brought to see him by Horatio and Marcellus, who saw the ghost yesternight (Shakespeare 1.2.190). During this exchange of words between the Ghost and Hamlet, the Ghost tells Hamlet, [s]o art thou to revenge, when thou shalt hear. (Shakespeare 1.5.5). He is telling Hamlet to listen closely to what he has to say. Then he tells Hamlet to [r]evenge his foul and most unnatural murder (Shakespeare 1.5.23). When Hamlet finds out that it was his Uncle Claudius who murdered his father, Hamlet plots against him to avenge his fathers†¦show more content†¦This play would be non-existent if it was not for the agonizing trials that Hamlet put himself through while plotting his fathers revenge. Gareth Lloyd Evans points out that when Hamlet is first given his task from the Ghost, he was told to make sure his mother gets to heaven, so she can be judged by the almighty. Hamlet is in fact called upon to avenge the wrong deed. The Ghost wishes him to leave his mother to heaven, and reminds him in the closet scene that his true purpose (the avenging of his fathers death upon Claudius) is almost blunted (Evans 250). Hamlet is not really told by the Ghost kill his uncle when Hamlet first meets the spirit of his deceased father. He was told: [...]Taint not thy mind, nor let thy soul contrive Against thy mother aught: leave her to heaven, And to those thorns that in bosom lodge, To prick and sting her (Shakespeare 1.5.88). The Ghost says in that passage that Hamlet is not to torture his mother, but make her own inner guilt eat away at her like a fatal illness. He wants her to suffer the guilt that is associated with her incestial actions. But later in the third act the Ghost revisits Hamlet, this time while he is yelling at his mother because of her actions. He tells Hamlet: Do not forget: this visitation Is but to whet thy almost blunted purpose. But look, amazement on thy mother sits: O, step between her and her fighting soul: Conceit in weakest bodiesShow MoreRelated Revenge and Vengeance in Shakespeares Hamlet - Why Revenge?1054 Words   |  5 PagesRevenge in Hamlet        Ã‚  Ã‚   In Elizabethan times, a type of play known as a revenge tragedy became popular. These plays revolved around, ... the revenge of a father for a son or vice versa, the revenge being directed by the ghost of the murdered man... (Harmon and Holman #6). Other characteristics include real or pretend insanity, philosophic soliloquies, hesitation on the part of the protagonist, conspiracy, and the use of horror. William Shakespeares Hamlet fully satisfies each of theseRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Hamlet 903 Words   |  4 Pages Vengeance. The one act that a person who is blinded by anger or hatred is driven to when being wrong for something that he or she didn’t commit. It is based on the old saying ‘an eye for an eye principle’ and isn’t the best way to deal with conflicts, especially when it involves family members. In William Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Hamlet†, Laertes, Hamlet, and the younger Fortinbras all had thoughts of vengeance for the deaths of their fathers. Although they acted on their emotions, but theirRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Hamlet s Revenge1742 Words   |  7 PagesHamlet’s Vengeance Hamlet is one of the greatest literary works that has the innate ability to transcend time with the study of the human condition. William Shakespeare investigates themes of revenge, morality, sex, and familial complexities that entangle us all at one point and time. Shakespeare story of Hamlet gives us one of our first tragic heroes in modern literary history. In his quest for revenge for his father’s death we also see the systematic decline and lapses into madness that willRead MoreHamlet- A Revenge Tragedy Essay705 Words   |  3 Pages Hamlet is one of Shakespeare’s most well-known tragedies. At first glance, it holds all of the common occurrences in a revenge tragedy which include plotting, ghosts, and madness, but its complexity as a story far transcends its functionality as a revenge tragedy. Revenge tragedies are often closely tied to the real or feigned madness in the play. Hamlet is such a complex revenge tragedy because there truly is a question about the sanity of the main character Prince Hamlet. Interestingly enoughRead MoreRevenge Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare892 Words   |  4 PagesThe theme of Revenge has been utilized in numerous works of art throughout history, including books, plays, movies, etc. Revenge is the result of one’s desire for vengeance, however, revenge is known to be implied under high emotions of anger thus not with reason concluding with a horrible outcome. Shakespeare’s play ‘Hamlet’ is no doubt a play about a tragedy caused by revenge; Pri nce Hamlet’s retribution for his father, King Hamlet’s murder and Laertes vengeance for his father, Polonius’ murderRead More Captain Ahab Essay1462 Words   |  6 PagesCaptain Ahab sights Moby Dick from afar and continues his hot pursuit on the White Whale. For three days, a relentless chase occurs because of Ahab’s desire for revenge. The indomitable whale continually destroys boat after boat. During the latter days of the struggle, the whale finally attacks the Pequod, plunging the ship to the bottom pits of the ocean. Determined to reach his final goal, the captain makes a last ditch effort and launches his harpoon towards Moby Dick. Ironically, Ahab’s harpoonRead More Revenge in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1124 Words   |  5 PagesRevenge in Shakespeares Hamlet Revenge. Revenge causes one to act blindly through anger, rather than through reason. It is based on the principle of an eye for an eye, but this principle is not always an intelligent theory to live by. Young Fortinbras, Laertes, and Hamlet were all looking to avenge the deaths of their fathers. They all acted on emotion, and this led to the downfall of two, and the rise to power of one. Since the Heads of the three major families were each murdered, the eldestRead MoreHamlet1304 Words   |  6 Pagest With underlying themes of revenge, incest, and suicide, William Shakespeare’s Hamlet was remembered by many Elizabethan Era viewers as both a philosophical and oft-debated masterpiece (Dickson). These controversial themes attracted viewers everywhere, enticing them to see the play. One scene in particular from the original text of the play where this proves true is act IV, scene iv, lines 31-65, in which the titular character Hamlet decides that the time for revenge is at hand in an insightfulRead MoreRevenge Is A Dish Best Served Cold Essay1527 Words   |  7 PagesAuthor Pierre Choderlos writes, â€Å"revenge is a dish best served cold.† This quote is renown for its popularity across the centuries, often used as a proverbial description of the idea of revenge. Vengeance itself is a popular issue of morality, discussed and portrayed in a multitude of manners throughout literature, film, and live theater. Two playwrights that tackle the matter of revenge are Zeami Mot okiyo and the famous William Shakespeare. Motokiyo’s play Astumori takes quite an artistic approachRead MoreLiterary Comparison Theme Essay example1528 Words   |  7 PagesLiterary Theme The Cask of Amontillado is an 1846 short story by Edgar Allan Poe, which gives an account of Montresor, a man who executes a plan of vengeance against his friend, whom he claims insulted him. As the narrator in the story, Montresor provides a vivid image of his plan to lure Fortunato to his death, which ends in the eventual live burial of Fortunato. The theme of revenge is the most prominent element of this story, which enables the reader follow the narrator’s character, thus gaining

William Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing - 957 Words

In William Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing, the course of Claudio and Hero’s relationship is the most troubled and the most realistic. While there are obvious feelings between the two characters, just like in real life, obstacles arise that shape the play’s events and their relationship. The problems that occur through the course of the play can be blamed on Don John’s actions and can also be attributed to Claudio’s tendency to be easily swayed. Eventually the issues are settled and Hero ends up with Claudio. After Claudio returns from battle, he realizes that he is deeply in love with Hero and quickly informs Benedick that he intends to marry her. Claudio says, â€Å"In mine eye, she is the sweetest lady that ever I looked on†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦She, like Claudio, falls in love rapidly and is prepared to marry him based on first impressions. She knows little to nothing about his character, but somehow sees a future with him. Hero and Claudio begin their relationship young and naà ¯ve but grow together by first growing apart. Don John and Borachio easily trick Claudio into believing that both Don Pedro and Hero are disloyal to him. While the matter of Don Pedro’s loyalty is quickly resolved, the more problematic subject is Claudio’s belief that Hero is unfaithful. Claudio seems awfully insecure and it is his insecurity that can be attributed to his easily persuaded mind. The question arises; why did Claudio not confront someone else about Hero’s supposed unfaithfulness? While he thinks that he has proof of her disloyalty, one would think that if he truly loved her and knew the quality of the young woman she was, then would he not seek further proof of her infidelity and not publicly shame her before he knew the absolute truth? Also, why does Claudio fall for another trick of Don John’s? Claudio easily believes Don John because he really knows very little about Hero’s c haracter. If Claudio truly loved and trusted Hero, then he would not have fallen for Don John’s trickery and would have recognized his villainy. While Hero and Claudio’s relationship begins with the shallowness of physical attraction, making their love affair the most realistic of the play. While there are bumps along

The Hebrew Bible - 1371 Words

In the course of human history, few books have fascinated scholars to the extent of the Hebrew Bible. This is not to say that biblical scholarship has been static. Instead, it has evolved over the course of many centuries of scrutiny, both of preceding scholarship and the Bible itself. Scholarship relating to the Hebrew Bible, then, is often grouped into two categories: the work of the ancient interpreters and that of modern scholarship. Operating from two very different sets of assumptions, there are many similarities and differences that can be found between the ways the ancient interpreters and modern scholars read and understand the Bible. The ancient interpreters, according to Kugel, were Jews and early Christians living and†¦show more content†¦The text clearly states that if man eats of the tree of the knowledge of good and bad, he will instantly die. However, according to Genesis 5:5, Adam lived a total of 930 years. Ancient interpreters viewed this not as a contr adiction or error, but rather an instance which can be clarified by using other passages (such as Psalm 90:4, which equates 1 day to 1000 years in the sight of the Lord.) This is discussed in the book of Jubilees, an apocryphal work attributed to the ancient interpreters. Thus, the ancient interpreters did not view Genesis 2:15-17 as contradictory or troubling, but rather drew upon their foundational assumptions to aid their understanding of a text. Modern scholars, however, have very a different understanding of the same text. Since the Bible contains no cryptic meaning, the issue of Adam’s death cannot be explained using other biblical texts. This, then, must be an error which exists within the text. Modern scholars noticed something else, however, which caused them to closely examine the language used in Genesis 1-3. The portrayal of God in Genesis 1 differed greatly from the portrayal in Genesis 2-3. This led to another key differenceShow MoreRelatedThe Hebrew Bible And The Bible Essay2023 Words   |  9 Pages The Hebrew Bible contains contradictory and inadequate information, which impacts my views about what the Hebrew Bible, says and what the Bible means. It has multiple significances. It is evident that various scriptures in the Hebrew Bible do not say what it means, nor does it mean what it says. â€Å"Ultimately, it s going to take some detective work in an effort to enhance interpretation further.†[pg. 6]. In addition, I feel that portions, and not all of the Hebrew Bible should be re-investigatedRead MoreThe Bible And The Hebrew Bible783 Words   |  4 Pagesa conclusion must be made that one can not put ancient literature into a neat and tidy â€Å"this is what the Bible is saying so it must be true† box. There are many parts of the Hebrew Bible that are strange to read. If many were lived out today, it would ostracize people, and to be blunt, land someone in prison. However, all of these passages are included in this great book, the Hebrew Bible, for a reason. They were important to the Jewish culture whom they were written for. Why were they importantRead MoreIn Judaism, GodS Word Is Found In The Hebrew Bible (Or1524 Words   |  7 PagesIn Judaism, God s word is found in the Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament), written entirely in Hebrew, except for a few chapters or verses that are in Aramaic, the Semitic language related to Hebrew. This is the most transled and mo st read worldwide book. The Bible is divided into: Torah (the five books of Moses), Nevi’im (Prophets) and Ketuvim (writings, Psalms). In rabbinic literature the word Torah it is common to refer to the entire Bible. The sacred book of Judaism is the Torah, which consistsRead MoreThe And Of The Hebrew Bible888 Words   |  4 Pageshas no one than this: to lay down one s life for one s friends† (John 15:13). This belief is shared by the tribes of Israel featured in the Hebrew Bible. This small nation requires each Israelite to be willing to die for the moral code and religious statutes handed down by their god, Yahweh. This ideal of selflessness is evident throughout the Hebrew Bible, but especially so in the stories of two midwives, the mother of Moses, and a prophet called Amos. Here, Israelites show the importance of beingRead MoreThe Bible And The Hebrew Bible2344 Words   |  10 PagesThe book â€Å"Deuteronomy†, of the Hebrew Bible, describes the reiteratio n of laws that the people of Israel are to follow upon entrance to the Promised Land. Upon reviewing Deuteronomy, the people of Israel versus Moses and why Moses was refused entry to the land raises interesting questions. By predominantly focusing on the behavior of the people of Israel, the behavior of Moses, their interactions with the God, and the language used by the author(s) it provides some insight into how and why eventsRead MoreThe Hebrew Bible1781 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction to the Hebrew Bible has provided me with a critical analysis of the Hebrew Bible and introduced a wide variety of interpretive strategies, including African American, anthropological, feminist, historical-critical, Jewish, and literary perspectives. These approaches were presented by our author’s, L. Juliana M. Claassens, Peter Enns, Walter Brueggemann, and John L. Collins. Each author provides a unique interpretation to help us comprehend how the text is an expression of one’s interpretiveRead MoreSocratesApology And The Hebrew Bible1493 Words   |  6 Pageshow they view their world. The people in Socrates’ Apology and the Hebrew Bible have different ways of life. The Greek gods and the Hebrew God shape these people’s views, and they live the way their Gods want them to. Socrates’ gods and the Jews’ God give them a sense of authority in how they live and view their world. It evidently shows in Socrates’ Apology while Socrates defends himself in court, and in the books of the Bible when the Jews follow God and how they judge before and after JesusRead MoreThe Reading Of The Hebrew Bible1867 Words   |  8 PagesIn the required reading of The Hebrew Bible, the character referred to as God is represented as a very mysterious character in several different instances. God appears to test the humans He creates periodically without cause. He punishes more than just the guilty offenders with His wrath and yet will reward the unfavorable actions of others. He appears to be a constant contradiction of His own ethical code leaving a sense of confusion towards any definition of morality. In the beginning of GenesisRead MoreBiblical Context Of The Hebrew Bible2238 Words   |  9 PagesLydia ATS2185 Assignment 3: Essay (40%) 1. The Hebrew Bible contains at least three different creation myths. Discuss these different accounts, highlighting their similarities and differences. This essay requires the analysis of the different creation myths in the Hebrew Bible. Before proceeding, I will first define the key term- ‘Creation’ and fit it into a biblical context. According to the Oxford dictionary, creation is the â€Å"action or process of bringing something into existence. In a biblicalRead MoreComparison Between Judaism And Christianity1711 Words   |  7 Pagessome kind of common ground especially when it comes to two of the oldest and most significant religions in existence today. Judaism and Christianity are two of the more universally practiced religions today. They are both rooted in their faith in the Bible, both believe in one God, and follow the Word of God. The similarities between these two groups are almost as important as their differences. There is one main difference that separates the two religions, and that is Jesus Christ. Christians believed

The American Poster Family For Today s Society - 1072 Words

Imagine a small, personal office, a designer coffee on the desk. From the look of room, its’ owner has a good life. Maybe they haven’t always, but certainly now. The office is in a nice house, in a quiet neighborhood. Two cars in the garage and company van in the driveway. A walk down the hall reveals snapshots into a happy family life. A loving couple on their wedding day, the smiling faces of their five children as they throw the rice. More photos line the walls; school concerts, candid moments and family dinners. A beautiful blended unit, the American poster family for today’s society. By all accounts, they are significantly better off than the majority of humanity. The contrast of this circumstance to so many others is stark. There is†¦show more content†¦Apathy. A lack of emotional interest, for our purposes, for other human beings. How have we become a race of unfeeling automatons? Have we evolved, or rather conversely, devolved, into a species with no compassion? What triggers this indifference to the plights of individuals not in our own inner sanctums? We feel for ourselves, our families, our friends, don’t we? Wait, DO WE?! The answer may be a surprise if we delve past the surface response. Why has this happened? That is the real question that should be asked. The primary culprit in this phenomenon is not what one would think. It is all around us, and an integral part of our lives and our society: Technology. Technology feeds us boundless tidbits of information. We are ceaselessly bombarded with all manner of data, predominantly negative, and coming at us from all sides. War, sex, violence, politics, religion. These polarizing topics are virtually thrust down our throats and into our ears, live, in color, and twenty-four hours a day. We eat, work, and sleep with them. They are our constant

Gcse History Revision Notes †Germany Free Essays

History Revision Notes – Germany Weimar – strengths and weaknesses The Weimar Republic After Germany lost the First World War, the Kaiser fled and a new democratic government of Germany was declared in February 1919 at the small town of Weimar. It was too dangerous to make a declaration in Berlin where there had just been a revolt by a Communist group called the Spartacists. STRENGTHS †¢ A Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech and religion, and equality under the law. We will write a custom essay sample on Gcse History Revision Notes – Germany or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢ All men and women over the age of 20 were given the vote. †¢ There was an elected president and an elected Reichstag (parliament). The Reichstag made the laws and appointed the government, which had to do what the Reichstag wanted. WEAKNESSES †¢ Proportional representation – instead of voting for an MP, like we do in Britain, Weimar Germans voted for a party. Each party was then allocated seats in the Reichstag exactly reflecting (proportional’ to) the number of people who had voted for it. This sounds fair, but in practice it was a disaster it resulted in dozens of tiny parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority, and, therefore, no government to get its laws passed in the Reichstag. This was a major weakness of the Republic. Article 48 – this said that, in an emergency, the president did not need the agreement of the Reichstag, but could issue decrees [Decrees: Laws passed by one minister in a parliament, which have not been approved by the majority parliament. ]. The problem with this was that it did not say what an emergency was, and in the end, it turned out to be a way that Hitler used to take power legally. Weimar – problems 1919-1923 The Weimar Republic faced opposition from the outset in 1919, after the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. Economic hardship affecte d the whole nation and led to uprisings and assassinations. Key problems The Weimar Republic was created at a time of confusion and chaos after Germany had lost the First World War. Many people felt that Germany had received a very harsh deal in the Treaty of Versailles and they resented the government for signing it and agreeing to its conditions. The Weimar Republic faced violent uprisings from various groups, not to mention economic problems. Germany between 1918 and 1919 was in chaos. People were starving, the Kaiser had fled and people hated the government for signing the armistice to end the war in November 1918 – they called them the November criminals. Bands of soldiers called Freikorps refused to disband and formed private armies. It was not a good start for the Republic. There was continuous violence and unrest: †¢ In March 1920, there was a rebellion – the Kapp Putsch – that aimed to bring back the Kaiser . †¢ Nationalist terror groups assassinated 356 government politicians. †¢ Many of the people in Germany were communists who wanted to bring in a Russian-style communist government. There were a number of communist uprisings. For instance, in 1919 the Spartacists rebelled in Berlin. [pic] The Kapp Putsch march in March 1920, the right-wing nationalist Dr Wolfgang Kapp took over Berlin. The army refused to attack him; he was only defeated when the workers of Berlin went on strike. The Weimar government’s main crisis occurred in 1923, when the Germans failed to make a reparations payment ( payments made for damage caused in WW1. Part of T of V) on time, which set off a train of events that incl uded: †¢ a French invasion of the Ruhr †¢ a general strike †¢ hyperinflation †¢ a number of communist rebellions †¢ an attempted Nazi putsch in Munich Weimar – crisis of 1923 The 1923 crisis began when Germany missed a reparations payment. This situation spiralled out of control and once again the German people were unhappy and in financial difficulty, so uprisings occurred throughout the country. Hyperinflation The sudden flood of paper money into the economy, on top of the general strike – which meant that no goods were manufactured, so there was more money, chasing fewer goods – combined with a weak economy ruined by the war, all resulted in hyperinflation. Prices ran out of control – eg a loaf of bread, which cost 250 marks in January 1923 had risen to 200,000 million marks in November 1923. German’s currency became worthless. But remember: †¢ Some people made fortunes during the crisis. One man borrowed money to buy a herd of cattle, but soon after paid back his loan by selling one cow. †¢ People on wages were safe, because they renegotiated their wages every day. †¢ Pensioners on fixed incomes and people with savings were the most badly hit. One woman sold her house with the intention of using the money to live on. A few weeks later, the money wasn’t even enough to buy a loaf of bread. The Early Nazi Party The Nazi ideology: †¢ Lebensraum – the need for ‘living space’ for the German nation to expand. A strong Germany – the Treaty of Versailles should be abolished and all German-speaking people united in one country. †¢ Fuhrer – the idea that there should be a single leader with complete power rather than a democracy. †¢ Social Darwinism – the idea that the Aryan race was superior and J ews were ‘subhuman’. †¢ Autarky – the idea that Germany should be economically self-sufficient. †¢ Germany was in danger – from Communists and Jews, who had to be destroyed. The appeal of the Nazis In the 1920s, the Nazis tried to be all things to all people. The 25-Point Programme had policies that were: †¢ Socialist – eg farmers should be given their land; pensions should improve; and public industries such as electricity and water should be owned by the state. †¢ Nationalist – all German-speaking people should be united in one country; the Treaty of Versailles should be abolished; and there should be special laws for foreigners. †¢ Racist – Jews should not be German citizens and immigration should be stopped. †¢ Fascist – a strong central government and control of the newspapers. The Nazis did not appeal to: †¢ working men who voted Communist intellectuals such as students and university professors They were popular with: †¢ nationalists and racists †¢ farmers †¢ lower middle-class people such as plumbers and shopkeepers who were worried about the chaos Germany was in †¢ rich people worried by the threat from Communism Rebellions Unsurprisingly, the hardships crea ted by hyperinflation led to many uprisings as groups struggled to take power from Weimar. The Munich Putsch 1923 In November 1923, Hitler tried to take advantage of the crisis facing the Weimar government by instigating a revolution in Munich. It seemed like the perfect opportunity, but poor planning and misjudgement resulted in failure and the subsequent imprisonment of Adolf Hitler. Summary At first, the Nazis were just a terrorist group. Hitler assembled a large group of unemployed young men and former soldiers, known as the storm troopers (the SA), which attacked other political groups. Hitler hoped to take power by starting a revolution During the crisis of 1923, therefore, Hitler plotted with two nationalist politicians – Kahr and Lossow – to take over Munich in a revolution. Hitler collected his storm troopers and told them to be ready to rebel. But then, on 4 October 1923, Kahr and Lossow called off the rebellion. This was an impossible situation for Hitler, who had 3,000 troops ready to fight. [pic] Hitler waved a gun at Khar and Lossow On the night of 8 November 1923, Hitler and 600 storm troopers burst into a meeting that Kahr and Lossow were holding at the local Beer Hall. Waving a gun at them, Hitler forced them to agree to rebel – and then let them go home. The SA took over the army headquarters and the offices of the local newspaper. 16 Nazis were killed in the scuffle The next day, 9 November 1923, Hitler and his Nazis went into Munich on what they thought would be a triumphal march to take power. However, Kahr had called in police and army reinforcements. There was a short scuffle in which the police killed 16 Nazis. Hitler fled, but was arrested two days later. Why did Hitler attempt the Munich Putsch in 1923? 1. By 1923, the Nazi party had 55,000 members and was stronger than ever before. 2. The Weimar Republic was in crisis and about to collapse. 3. In September 1923, the Weimar government had called off the general strike, and every German nationalist was furious with the government. . Hitler thought he would be helped by important nationalist politicians in Bavaria. 5. Hitler had a huge army of storm troopers, but he knew he would lose control of them if he did not give them something to do. 6. Hitler hoped to copy Mussolini – the Italian fascist leader – who had come to power in Italy in 1922 by marching on Rome. Results of th e Munich Putsch The Munich Putsch was a failure. As a result: 1. The Nazi party was banned, and Hitler was prevented from speaking in public until 1927. 2. Hitler went to prison, where he wrote ‘Mein Kampf’. Millions of Germans read it, and Hitler’s ideas became very well-known. 3. Hitler decided that he would never come to power by revolution; he realised that he would have to use constitutional means, so he organised: o the Hitler Youth o propaganda campaigns o mergers with other right-wing parties o local branches of the party, which tried to get Nazis elected to the Reichstag o the SS as his personal bodyguard, which was set up in 1925 It was this strategy of gaining power legitimately that eventually brought him to power. How did the Weimar Republic survive? In 1923 the Weimar Republic was teetering at the brink of a very large cliff with problems such as hyperinflation, attempted revolutions and public discontent, pushing it increasingly towards the edge. How could the Republic possibly survive? Gustav Stresemann and Charles Dawes In 1923, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse, but, surprisingly, the crisis was the start of a period of stability and success. The period 1923-1929 was a time when the economy boomed and cultural life flourished in Germany. This dramatic turnabout happened because Germany was saved by two people – Gustav Stresemann and Charles Dawes. Gustav Stresemann had been a nationalist, but he realised that something needed to be done to save Germany. Under Stresemann’s guidance, the government called off the strike, persuaded the French to leave the Ruhr and even got the rest of the world to allow Germany to join the League of Nations in 1926. Stresemann also introduced reforms to help ordinary people such as job centres, unemployment pay and better housing. Charles Dawes was the US budget director. In 1923, he was sent to Europe to sort out Germany’s economy. Under his advice, the German Reichsbank was reformed and the old money was called in and burned. This ended the hyperinflation. Dawes also arranged the Dawes Plan with Stresemann, which gave Germany longer to pay reparations. Most importantly, Dawes agreed to America lending Germany 800 million gold marks, which kick-started the German economy. Was Weimar stable during 1923-1929? Despite all the successes, many historians believe that the stability of the Weimar republic was illusory: 1. The nationalists and fascists did not win many seats in the Reichstag, but they were allowed to exist and campaign, so they were just waiting for the right opportunity to attempt a takeover again. . Everything depended on American money – if that stopped, Germany was ready to return to crisis. 3. No political party had a majority. Coalition gov’t struggled to agree and get laws passed. 4. Dawes Plan and new currency meant eco was stable Hitler’s rise to power Hitler’s rise to power cannot be attributed to one event, but a mixture of factors including events happening outside Germany, the strengths of the Nazi party, and the weaknesses of other parties within Germany. Hitler used these factors to his advantage and in 1933 he legitimately gained power to become chancellor. In 1929, the American Stock Exchange collapsed, and caused an economic depression. America called in all its foreign loans, which destroyed Weimar Germany due to the Dawes Plan. Unemployment in Germany rose to 6 million. The government did not know what to do. In July 1930 Chancellor Bruning cut government expenditure, wages and unemployment pay – the worst thing to do during a depression. He could not get the Reichstag to agree to his actions, so President Hindenburg used Article 48 to pass the measures by decree. The Nazis gain support Anger and bitterness helped the Nazis to gain more support. Many workers turned to communism, but this frightened wealthy businessmen, so they financed Hitler’s campaigns. Many middle-class people, alarmed by the obvious failure of democracy, decided that the country needed a strong government. Nationalists and racists blamed the Treaty of Versailles and reparations. [pic] In 1928, the Nazis had only 12 seats in the Reichstag; by July 1932 they had 230 seats and were the largest party. The government was in chaos. President Hindenburg dismissed Bruning in 1932. His replacement – Papen – lasted six months, and the next chancellor – Schleicher – only lasted two months. Hindenburg had to use Article 48 to pass almost every law. In January 1933, Hindenburg and Papen came up with a plan to get the Nazis on their side by offering to make Hitler vice chancellor. He refused and demanded to be made chancellor. They agreed, thinking they could control him. In January 1933, Hitler became chancellor, and immediately set about making himself absolute ruler of Germany using Article 48. Reasons why Hitler rose to power 1. Hitler was a great speaker, with the power to make people support him. 2. The moderate political parties would not work together, although together they had more support than the Nazis. . The depression of 1929 created poverty and unemployment, which made people angry with the Weimar government. People lost confidence in the democratic system and turned towards the extremist political parties such as the Communists and Nazis during the depression. 4. The Nazi storm troopers attacked Hitler’s opponents. 5. Goebbels’ propaganda cam paign was very effective and it won support for the Nazis. The Nazis targeted specific groups of society with different slogans and policies to win their support. 6. Hitler was given power in a political deal by Hindenburg and Papen who foolishly thought they could control him. . German people were still angry about the Treaty of Versailles and supported Hitler because he promised to overturn it. 8. Industrialists gave Hitler money and support. How Hitler consolidated power 1933-1934 Dates and events 1933-1934 |Date |Event | |27 Feb 1933 |Reichstag Fire Hitler used the fire to his advantage in two ways: | |[pic] |It gave him an opportunity to imprison many communist leaders, which stopped them campaigning during the election. | |It allowed the Nazis to say that the country was in danger from the communists during its election campaign. | | |Both these actions helped the Nazis to win more seats in the election. | | |When the courts convicted Dutch Communist van der Lubbe, but did not convict other Communist leaders, Hitler was furious and | | |replaced the courts with the Nazi People’s Courts. | |5 Mar 1933 |General Election – only 44 per cent of the population vote for the Nazis, who win 288 seats in the Reichstag. |[pic] |Although it did not give the Nazis the majority that Hitler had hoped for in the Reichstag, it gave them enough seats – after | | |Hitler had arrested all the communist deputies and the other parties had been intimidated by the SA – to get the Enabling Act | | |passed, which is all Hitler needed to do. | |23 Mar 1933 |Enabling Act – the SA intimidates all the remaining non-Nazi deputies. The Reichstag votes to give Hitler the right to make his | |[pic] |own laws. | |Arguably the critical event – it gave Hitler absolute power to make his laws. | |26 April 1933 |Local government is reorganised – the country is carved up into 42 Gaus, which are run by a Gauleiter. These Gaus are separated | |[pic] |into areas, l ocalities and blocks of flats run by a Blockleiter. Hitler sets up the Gestapo. | | |This put the Nazis in control of local government, and allowed the Gestapo to rule by terror. | |2 May 1933 |Trade unions are abolished and their leaders arrested. |[pic] |Abolishing the trade unions allowed Hitler to destroy a group that might have opposed him. It also gave Hitler the opportunity | | |to set up the German Labour Front, which gave him control over German workers. | |20 June 1933 |Concordat – Hitler makes an agreement with the Pope who sees him as someone who can destroy communism. This agreement allows | |[pic] |Hitler to take over political power in Germany as long as he leaves the Catholic Church alone. Hitler’s agreement with the Pope | | |was a temporary truce that allowed Hitler to ban the Catholic Zentrum party without opposition from the Catholic Church. | |14 July 1933 |Political parties are banned – only the Nazi party is allowed to exist. | |[pic] |Banning political parties made Germany a one-party state and destroyed democracy in the country. | | |After this action, Germans could no longer get rid of Hitler in an election. |24 April 1934 |People’s Courts – Hitler sets up the Nazi people’s courts where judges have to swear an oath of loyalty to the Nazis. | |[pic] |These were set up to give Hitler greater control over the judgements made in courts. Hitler was furious because the courts did | | |not sentence the communists to death for starting the Reichstag fire. | |30 June 1934 |Night of the Long Knives – some SA leaders are demanding that the Nazi party carry out its socialist agenda, and that the SA | |[pic] |take over the army. Hitler cannot afford to annoy the businessmen or the army, so the SS [SS: Also known as the Blackshirts. A | | |German police/ military style organisation created to serve as the personal bodyguards of Adolf Hitler. In Hitler’s Germany they| | |eventually controlled the intelligence, security and police forces, and extermination of those they considered undesirable. ] | | |murders perhaps 400 of the SA members, including its leader Rohm, along with a number of Hitler’s other opponents. | |This destroyed all opposition within the Nazi Party. It gave power to the brutal SS. It also showed the rest of the world what a| | |tyrant Hitler was. | |19 Aug 1934 |Fuhrer – when Hindenburg dies, Hitler declares himself jointly president, chancellor and head of the army. This formally made | |[pic] |Hitler the absolute ruler of Germany. | Many historians believe that Nazi Germany only appeared to be a dictatorship. In fact, officials were left to make most of the decisions themselves, and the Nazi government was badly-organised, and chaotic. Hitler and the army It is important to note that in 1934, the army was not subject to Hitler’s authority. At this point, he still needed the army’s support, which is why he destroyed the SA in the Night of the Long Knives. In 1938, army leaders hoped Hitler’s plan to conquer the Sudetenland would fail and give them an opportunity to depose [Depose: To remove a ruler or monarch. ] him. When he suceeded, their attempt to get rid of him fell apart, and Hitler dismissed the chief of staff and 60 other generals. Thereafter, the army was also subservient to Hitler. The structures of control in the Nazi state Hitler introduced many policies and measures to ensure the Nazis remained in control, once he declared himself Fuhrer. These measures dealt with political opponents, as well as ordinary people, who suddenly found their private, social and working lives controlled by the Nazis. Seven key structures The Nazi party aimed to control every aspect of people’s political, social and working lives. It maintained control through a mixture of propaganda [Propaganda: A type of advertising for an idea or cause, produced by supporters or opponents of that idea or cause. It is usually produced to influence how the people of a nation think. ] and intimidation. 1. Government (political) The way Hitler consolidated power in 1933-1934 meant that the Nazis had absolute control of national and local government. 2. Religion (social) †¢ Hitler believed that religion was a threat to the Nazis’ control over people’s minds, so he tried different ways to reduce the power of the church over people. Non-Nazi Catholic priests and Protestant pastors such as Martin Niemoller and Dietrich Bonhoffer were sent to concentration camps. †¢ Jews and Jehovah’s Witnesses were openly persecuted. †¢ Hitler set up a state Reich Church, which banned the Bible and the cross. †¢ Nazis encouraged people to revive the old Viking myths and ceremonies. 3. Culture (social) †¢ Hitler ordered Nazification – the imposition of Nazi values – on all aspects of German life. Artists had to produce acceptable paintings that portrayed Nazi values. †¢ Jazz music was banned. †¢ Books written by Jews were publicly burned. Homosexuals were persecuted; they did not fit the Nazi image of the ideal family. †¢ The Olympic Games of 1936 were a huge Nazi propaganda success. 4. Work (working) †¢ Dr Robert Ley, head of the DAF [DAF: German Labour Front ], boasted that he controlled workers’ lives from the ‘cradle to the grave’. The RAD (Nation al Labour Service) sent young men on public works. †¢ Hitler introduced conscription in 1936; most men went into the army after the RAD. †¢ The DAF (German Labour Front) controlled workers’ conditions at work. †¢ The KdF (Strength through Joy) movement regulated their leisure time. . Education and youth (working) †¢ The lives of young people were controlled both in and out of school to turn them into fanatical Nazis. Non-Nazi teachers and university professors were sacked; teachers had to join the National Socialist Teachers’ League. †¢ Textbooks were re-written to include Nazi political and racial ideas. †¢ History was taught to glorify Germany. †¢ There was a concentration on physical fitness. †¢ Girls were taught cookery; boys were taught science and maths. †¢ The Hitler Youth was compulsory; it indoctrinated boys and prepared them for war. The Nazi Girls’ youth organisation – the BDM – was compulsory; it indoctrinated girls and prepared them for church, children and cooking. 6. Terror (method of control) †¢ Germany became a country where it was unsafe to do or say anything critical of the government. SS and Gestapo (Secret State Police. ) †¢ Blockleiters in each block of flats and street informed on ‘grumblers’. â₠¬ ¢ Arrests of thousands of people terrified opponents. †¢ Set up Nazi people’s courts. †¢ Concentration camps. 7. Propaganda (method of control) Josef Goebbels controlled the Propaganda Ministry, which aimed to brainwash people into obeying the Nazis and idolising Hitler. Mass rallies at Nuremberg. †¢ Newspapers were censored. †¢ People’s radios were sold very cheaply, but broadcasts were controlled. †¢ Films were controlled to make films that glorified war and pilloried the Jews. †¢ Loudspeakers in public places blared out Nazi propaganda. †¢ Cult of personality – Hitler’s picture was everywhere, and he was portrayed as Germany’s saviour. Women in the Nazi state Hitler had very clear ideas about the woman’s role in the Nazi state – she was the centre of family life, a housewife and mother. Hitler even introduced a medal for women who had eight or more children! The role of women The Nazis had clear ideas of what they wanted from women. Women were expected to stay at home and look after the family. Women doctors, teachers and civil servants were forced to give up their careers. Even at the end of the war, women were never asked to serve in the armed forces. Their job was to keep the home nice for their husband and family – their life should revolve round the three ‘Ks’: †¢ church †¢ children †¢ cooking Goebbels said: â€Å"The mission of women is to be beautiful and to bring children into the world. † Hitler wanted a high birth rate, so the population would grow. The Nazis even considered making it law that families should have at least four children. Girls did keep fit in the BDM [BDM: Bund Deutscher Madel – the German group for girls age 14+ ] to make themselves healthy for childbirth, but they were discouraged from staying slim, because it was thought that thin women had trouble giving birth. The Law for the Encouragement of Marriage gave newly wed couples a loan of 1,000 marks, and allowed them to keep 250 marks for each child they had. Mothers who had more than eight children were given a gold medal. Unmarried women could volunteer to have a baby for an Aryan [Aryan: a person of European decent (not Jewish) often with blond hair and blue eyes – the Nazis viewed as the superior human race ] member of the SS Women were supposed to emulate traditional German peasant fashions – plain peasant costumes, hair in plaits or buns and flat shoes. They were not expected to wear make-up or trousers, dye their hair or smoke in public. Opposition Those who spoke out against Hitler and his policies faced intimidation and threats from the Gestapo or imprisonment and in some cases execution. However, there were some brave individuals and groups who openly opposed Hitler and his policies. Who opposed Hilter? It was difficult – and dangerous – to oppose Hitler. However, some brave people did try: 1. The Catholic Archbishop of Munster, von Galen, led a successful campaign to end euthanasia of mentally-disabled people. 2. Some Catholic priests opposed Hitler. In 1937, the Pope’s message ‘With Burning Concern’ attacked Hitler as ‘a mad prophet with repulsive arrogance’ and was read in every Catholic church. 3. The White Rose group was formed by students at Munich University. They published anti-Nazi leaflets, but were discovered and executed in 1944. 4. A paramilitary wing of the Social Democratic Party, called the Reichsbanner, sabotaged railway lines and acted as spies. 5. During the war, ‘swing’ groups were formed. These were young people who rejected Nazi values, drank alcohol and danced to jazz. More violent groups were called the Edelweiss Pirates. They daubed anti-Nazi slogans, sheltered deserters and beat up Nazi officials. In 1944, the Cologne Pirates (the Edelweiss Pirates based in Cologne) killed the Gestapo chief, so the Nazis publicly hanged 12 of them. . Many Protestant pastors, led by Martin Niemoller, formed the Confessional Church in opposition to Hitler’s Reich Church. Niemoller was held in a concentration camp during the period 1937-1945. Another Protestant pastor, Dietrich Bonhoffer, took part in the 1944 bomb plot and was executed. 7. In 1944, a group of army officers and intellectuals called the Kreisau Circle tr ied to bomb Hitler. The bomb was planted by Colonel Stauffenberg. It exploded, but Hitler survived. In retaliation, 5,000 people were executed. Persecution Who did the Nazis persecute? The Nazis believed that only Germans could be citizens and that non-Germans did not have any right to the rights of citizenship. The Nazis racial philosophy taught that some races were untermensch (sub-human). Many scientists at this time believed that people with disabilities or social problems were genetic degenerates whose genes needed to be eliminated from the human bloodline. The Nazis, therefore: †¢ Tried to eliminate the Jews. †¢ Killed 85 per cent of Germany’s Gypsies. †¢ Sterilised black people. †¢ Killed mentally disabled babies. †¢ Killed mentally ill patients. †¢ Sterilised physically disabled people and people with hereditary diseases. Sterilised deaf people. †¢ Put homosexuals, prostitutes, Jehovah’s Witnesses, alcoholics, pacifists, beggars, hooligans and criminals – who they regarded as anti-social – into concentration camps. How the Nazis persecuted the Jews: key dates 1933 †¢ Boycott of Jewish busin esses. †¢ Jewish civil servants, lawyers and teachers sacked. †¢ Race Science lessons to teach that Jews are inferior 1935 †¢ ‘Jews not wanted here’ signs put up at swimming pools etc. †¢ Nuremberg laws (15 September) Jews could not be citizens. They were not allowed to vote or to marry a German. 1938 †¢ Jews could not be doctors. Jews had to add the name Israel (men) or Sarah (women) to their name. †¢ Jewish children forbidden to go to school. †¢ Kristallnacht (9 November) – attacks on Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues [Synagogues: These are places of Jewish worship and community. ]. [pic] A shop damaged during Kristallnacht 1939 †¢ Jews were forced to live in ghettoes. 1941 †¢ Army Einsatzgruppen squads in Russia started mass-shootings of Jews. †¢ All Jews were forced to wear a yellow star of David. 1942 †¢ Wansee Conference (20 January) decided on the Final Solution, which was to gas all Europeâ€⠄¢s Jews. The main death camps were at Auschwitz, Treblinka and Sobibor. Economic policies and benefits Hitler’s economic policy had four main ideas: 1. Full employment – the idea that everyone should have a job. By 1939, there was virtually no unemployment in Germany. 2. Beauty of Work – the Nazis set up the SdA (Beauty of Work) to help Germans see that work was good, and that everyone who could work should. In fact – because the Nazis had abolished the trade unions, banned strikes, and given more power to the industrialists – real wages fell and hours were longer under Hitler. 3. Re-armament begun in 1935 – the idea of ‘guns before butter’. . Autarky – there was an unsuccessful attempt at making Germany self-sufficient. The good life in Nazi Germany Despite the loss of political and religious freedom, life improved in Germany for many ordinary people who were prepared to ‘toe the line’ and look the other way. †¢ Everybody had a job, and a wage. To people who had been unemployed and starving, ‘work and bread’ was a wonderful blessing worth every civil liberty they lost. †¢ The Nazis set up KdF (Strength through Joy), which gave workers rewards for their work – evening classes, theatre trips, picnics, and even free holidays. The Nazis devised a scheme to allow workers to buy a Volkswagen Beetle car for a small weekly payment. †¢ People appreciated the public works – eg new schools and hospitals. †¢ Nazi Youth groups provided activities and holidays for young people. How Hitler increased employment Hitler introduced many policies to fulfil his goal of full employment: †¢ He stopped paying reparations and invested the money in German compa nies. †¢ He began a huge programme of public works including planting forests, and building hospitals and schools. He also built public buildings such as the 1936 Olympic Stadium. The construction of the autobahns created work for 80,000 men. †¢ Rearmament created jobs in the armaments industry. †¢ The introduction of national service meant all young men spent six months in the RAD [RAD: The labour service in which young men in Germany had to do a six-month compulsory stint. ] and then they were conscripted into the army. By 1939, 1. 4 million men were in the army, so they were not counted as unemployed. †¢ Many Jews were sacked and their jobs given to non-Jews. †¢ Many women were sacked and their jobs given to men. How to cite Gcse History Revision Notes – Germany, Papers

Project Management Lifecycle for Planning Stage- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theProject Management Lifecycle for Planning Stage. Answer: The project management life cycle plays a significant role in assisting a team in preparing for a project. It helps to analyze the process of the projects by focusing on the objectives for purposes of ensuring that the project is delivered on time. Also, for the project to be completed, it has to be within the budget and addresses all the challenges (Khan, 1995). All project management cycle has five crucial stages: the initiation stage, planning stage, execution stage, monitoring stage and closure of the project stage. The initiation phase This is the first step of every project which aims at providing an overview of the project. It also focuses on the strategy that is proposed for to ensure that the job is completed (Barna, 2013). At the initiation stage is where the manager in charge of the project is selected. After the manager is selected in his or her duty to choose a team which will assist in ensuring the objective of the results is met. The manager is expected to have experience and skill to select a team that will be able to oversee the whole problem with minimal challenges (Stentoft Arlbjrn, Freytag Thoms, 2015). To accomplish the objective of a particular project, there are various technological tools that can assist a project manager in the project management lifecycle (Parker, Parsons, Isharyanto, 2015). The Planning Phase The planning phase of a project lifecycle is the most significant part of a project as it relates to the breakdown of all the procedures including assigning of every task to the responsible team. The planning phase provides details of the whole project from the begging to the end (Lee, 2009). Among the things involved in this phase are risk assessment and detailed analysis of every phase to see the project complete. In summary, this phase will cover the stakeholders, working processes, channels used and the reporting frequency (Zwikael, 2009). The execution and control phase This step is equally important to the project management cycle as it relates to checks and balances of the whole project. It is necessary for any project manager to ensure that every activity of the project is adequately executed as well as controlled. This is the phase that checks whether the solution provided by the project specifically addresses the problem that it was meant to solve. In most cases, the convergence of a project is measured by prototypes and reviews are made regarding the outcome (Parker, Charlton, Ribeiro Pathak, 2013). The closure phase This the final stage of a project management cycle and a manager should be checking whether every aspect of the project is working according to the plan to mark the completion of the project. During the closure phase, a report is drafted focusing on the acceptance of the project, learning outcomes and notifications to the relevant stakeholders that the project is completed. The organizational forms and stakeholders strategies play an important role in project management cycle. These two sections influence the development and verification of the business cases (Medina, 2014). Organizational forms and its impact on project management cases There are several aspects of an organization that impact the result of a project. These forms are related to layers of authority, traction, budgetary allocations and challenges arising during the operation phase. However, organizational challenges can be addressed through having a clear understanding of the working environment. For purposes of having a better understanding of the organizational structures and how they affect the project, the functional, matrix and projectised organizational structure provides a basis in the following manner (Strait, 2006). Functional organizational structure This refers to those entities that are structured into functional sectors based on their fundamental function such as engineering and construction, government and welfare financial and business services as well as telecommunication, IT and software development. Functional divisions of a firm operate independently where each division has a manager. The work of the manager is to assign work and monitor the work through various performance evaluation measures. Besides, the management of a division has a limited authority of since they have assigned tasks to other team members. Functional organizations are meant for firms that have a continuous business operation that support standardized goods or services (Prodan, 2017). Matrix organization structure In such organizational forms, the control of operations is normally shared. The managers of a particular project share responsibilities with other functional managers. It involves the delegation of duties and tasks to other staff members although the project manager makes all the decision regarding the project. This form of organizational structure is applicable for those firms that have a dual role such as a construction company that is tasked with maintaining and constructing new infrastructure (Bharti Thakkar, 2013). Projectised Organizational structure This form of organization applies to a situation where the manager has complete control over a project. For instance, a manager can have full control over setting important tasks, allocating resources and ensuring that team members are assigned specific tasks (Graubner, Pelzeter Pohl, 2016). This is where all the members report to the managers directly. This type of organizational form is common among firms that operate small and long-term project such as those in the construction company (White Patton, 2004). Impacts of organizational forms Impact of functional organization In a functional organization setting, those that have single departments often do not have problems (Carden Boyd, 2011). However, those functional organizations that have divisions have numerous management challenges as a result of the diverse role of the project manager. Besides, the functional manager has to seek support and cooperation from other managers to see a project completed (Ahsan, 2012). Impact of matrix organization The matrix structure offers both functional manager and project manager a seamless way to delegate duties for purposes of improving working culture (Yamin Sim, 2016). Besides, there are bound to be numerous conflicts between the functional and project manages. This is because all the other team member has two managers. Impact of projectised organizational forms The authority is often centralized in a projectised scenario. In this case, lines of communication are reduced as a result roles removed from the functional manager. Therefore, managers in this category have the ability to make swift decisions. The junior teams in this form of an organization often have a high-level of commitment and motivation (Del Mircea, Luise, 2015). The team is also in a position to develop experience and skills to work for a long period in a particular environment. A projectised form of organization makes it easier to manage projects. Impact of stakeholder in Project management Stakeholders are part and parcel of a project management and the project cannot run without them. They are final decision makers on a particular project and the role or a project manager is to ensure that stakeholders concerns are managed effectively in order to ensure the output of a project is in strict adherence to the requirements of the stakeholder (Kloppenborg Tesch, 2015). Contractual arrangements used in project management. There are several contracts that can be drafted for purposes managing a project. Contracts are often specific to the kind of project that they are meant to govern (Cullen Parker, 2015). Some of the common contracts used in project management include Build Own Operate (BOO) where a group or an individual agrees to finance or construct a project that was originally owned by a public authority (D'Vari, 2013). Another contractual arrangement is Build Own Operate Transfer (BOOT) where a developer completes a project and manages the project for a specified period then hand it over to the government. Also, Build Operate Transfer (BOT) is a contractual agreement where the private developer constructs, operates and hands it over to the government over a certain period of time. These contractual agreement states what the developer and other stakeholders are supposed to oversee the completion and operation of a project (White Patton, 2004). References Ahsan, K. (2012). Determinants of the Performance of Public Sector Development Projects. International Journal of Management, 29(1), 77-90. Barna, L. (2013). Assessing the Importance of Project Management Soft Competencies in an IT and Telecommunication Company. Theory, Methodology, Practice, 9(1), 17-21. Bharti, B. K., Thakkar, J. J. (2013). SWOT of Central Public Works Department India: A Case Study. Journal of Advances in Management Research, 10(1), 100-121. Carden, L. L., Boyd, R. O. (2011). Workplace Bullying: Project Strategy. Journal of Business and Educational Leadership, 3(1), 71-82. Cullen, K., Parker, D. W. (2015). Improving Performance in Project-Based Management: Synthesizing Strategic Theories. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 64(5), 608-624. Del Mircea, M. C., Luise, Z. (2015). An Organizational Approach to Simultaneously Prove High Autonomy and High Alignment. Manager, (21), 151-160. D'Vari, R. (2013). Overview of U.S. Single-Family Residential Investment Strategies. Journal of Structured Finance, 19(2), 42-51,7. Graubner, C., Pelzeter, A., Pohl, S. (2016). A New Approach to Measure Sustainability in German Facility Management. Facilities, 34(1), 28-42. Khan, J. (1995). An Educational Project in a Developing Country. The International Journal of Educational Management, 9(1), 42. Kloppenborg, T. J., Tesch, D. (2015). How Executive Sponsors Influence Project Success. MIT Sloan Management Review, 56(3), 27-30. Lee, M. R. (2009). Training-Portfolio Management: Adapting the Stage Gate Approach. Training Management Development Methods, 23(4), 215-226. Medina, K. (2014). Closing the Project Management Skills Gap in the Federal Government. Public Manager, 43(3), 41-43. Parker, D. W., Parsons, N., Isharyanto, F. (2015). Inclusion of Strategic Management Theories to Project Management. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 8(3), 552-573. Parker, D., Charlton, J., Ribeiro, A., Pathak, R. D. (2013). Integration of Project-Based Management and Change Management. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 62(5), 534-544. Prodan, A. P. (2017). A Tailored Methodology for Project Management. FAIMA Business Management Journal, 5(2), 5-13. Stentoft Arlbjrn, J., Freytag, P. V., Thoms, L. (2015). Portfolio Management of Development Projects in Danish Municipalities. The International Journal of Public Sector Management, 28(1), 11-28. Strait, C. L. (2006). It's all in the Technique! Information Management Journal, 40(2), 41-42,44-46. White, D., Patton, J. (2004). Closing the Strategic Plan/Implementation Gap: the Logitech Benchmark. IIE Annual Conference.Proceedings, Yamin, M., Sim, A. K. S. (2016). Critical Success Factors for International Development Projects in Maldives. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 9(3), 481-504. Zwikael, O. (2009). Critical Planning Processes in Construction projects. Construction Innovation, 9(4), 372-387.

Alternative medicines Essay Example For Students

Alternative medicines Essay Modern medicine is in a period of profound change. Everyday, more and more ideas from other cultures are being transferred and integrated into our society. Many treatments that people are now familiar with have come from other traditions. Aspirin and quinine are two familiar examples of treatments that have been westernized by science. Alternative medical traditions will not replace western medicine, but instead are adding a new dimension of treatment that will only strengthen modern medicine. Western medicine is the clear leader in infectious disease, some cancers, heart disease, surgery, emergency medicine and trauma care. However, for the ordinary complaints of everyday life, the aches and pains of joints, bones and muscles, alternative medicine is the best choice of remedy. Scientific medicine does save many lives through surgery or pharmacology drugs, but all of the advances of western medicine have inadvertently led to new problems. For example, living longer allows more time for development of chronic and degenerative diseases. Iatrogenic problems (illness caused by the medicine itself) as well as chronic illnesses have forced people to turn toward other dimensions of care. Conventional medicine is learning much about the complexity of human biology, but it is also learning less about how to handle difficult situations and adapt to crises arising from alternative treatments. Natural, non-invasive therapies, manipulative therapies and mind/body approaches are coming of age and taking on a partnership role with western medicine, affecting it for the better. Alternative treatments can no longer be considered suspect because the evidence of their contributions to the health care system are so overwhelmingly clear. There are many different traditions that make up alternative medicine. Some of these traditions are very closely related in their beliefs and techniques and herbal remedies are certainly a common bond that is shared between them. However, the following four alternative treatments will be explored:Other countries cultures and traditions can teach modern medicine that there are many more ways to treat and cure diseases, and hopefully the realization will lead to a more holistic approach to medicine. The joining of conventional and alternative medical traditions will allow people to have a more balanced quality of life, and will ultimately enhance the total health care system. When a person chooses what form of medical treatment is right for them, they must consider these factors that will influence their decision:1) Family History -the easiest way to decide what treatment is the best is to use the tradition in which a person grew up with. 2) Introspective Approach-base the decision on philosophical or religious considerations. 3) Personal Relationship with the Practitioner-people may base their choice not on the tradition itself but rather on the relationship to the practitioner. 4) Economic Consideration-because the allopathic tradition is so institutionalized in society, people who must rely on insurance coverage or government programs may find a narrow range of freedom of choice. 5) Proximity-large population centres have the greatest availability of the full range of medical traditions. Therefore, people outside of these areas are usually limited to allopathy. 6) Scientific Support- the government and its regulatory agencies have asserted that scientific evidence should be the basis of evaluation for all forms of medicine. Chinese Medicine is a nature-based model of medicine. Nature and the laws that govern the natural or outer world are used to help people to understand the inner world the world of the body. The person is seen as a microcosm of a holistic universe. Chinese medicine offers a cosmological perspective, one in which the person is viewed as an ecosystem embedded in, and related to the larger ecosystem around us and governed by the same basic laws. As a form of primary care, Chinese medicine does well in certain acute conditions such as colds, flu, allergy and headache. It also had success in the treatment of many chronic illnesses with which modern medicine often does not deal with successfully. Conditions whose disease process is not clearly understood in allopathic terms are readily addressed by the Chinese tradition. An estimated nine to twelve million patient visits per yea are made to practitioners of Chinese medicine in the United States. Most of these patients are seeking acupuncture for treatment of pain symptoms after unsatisfactory results with western medicine. There are between nine and ten thousand practitioners of acupuncture including about three thousand physicians who have varying amounts of training in continuing education programs through American medical schools. The principal of Yin and Yang state that human health is a function of ever-changing patterns of energy constantly seeking harmony and balance. The common principle of Chi is that health is a function of a balanced, harmonious flow of chi or energy and illness results when there is a blockage or imbalance in the flow of chi. The human being has pathways called meridians through which the chi flows. The body has been mapped with these meridians, which pass through all of its organs. Specific meridians correspond with specific organs or organ systems. Health is an ongoing process of maintaining balance among all of the organs and systems of the body. The Chinese practitioner seeks to connect unrelated symptoms and come up with a unified explanation as to what is going on with the persons chi on a global basis. This is the opposite to the allopathic approach with its use of specialists for different symptoms and different parts of the body. Acupuncturist Harriet Beinfield said, What Chinese medicine can do is not necessarily attack the disease but it will improve the function of the organs and the general health of the body which includes the immune system. To correct a persons chi, the main treatments work directly with the flow of chi. The goals of treatment are like the Western ideas of strengthening host resistance, the bodys defences and overall ability to resist disease. In Chinese medicine, the Chinese equivalent to the term herb is used to describe any natural material of plant, animal or mineral origin or any traditional or modern preparation of the of the natural materials short of preparing an isolated chemical. Herbs are selected to introduce certain influences or qualities into the body and to balance or harmonize the dynamics that are currently present and may be involved in disease. Some herbs act like highly concentrated medicinal foods that nourish the organ networks. There is an intimate interaction between the energy qualities of the herbs and of the person. The herbs serve to influence healing and harmonizing the organ networks. Chinese herbs improve survival rates for patients with nasoparyngeal, lung, throat and breast cancers who used herbs in combination with radiation or chemotherapy, as opposed to conventional treatment alone. There was no significant drop in white blood counts and platelet counts after three cycles of chemotherapy in a group of eleven breast cancer patients using an herbal treatment. In 181 patients with pre-cancerous throat lesions, only nine percent of those treated with herbs developed cancer within five years, as opposed to twenty-six percent in the untreated group. A study of 136 patients with abnormal blood lipid levels found the herb Rosa multiflora to be as effective as two common conventional drugs for reducing blood lipids. Chinese medicine does not view itself as exclusive of any other form of medicine. For many ailments, it works well on its own but it also can support or complement other forms of treatment. It has shown important benefits in combination with radiation and chemotherapy, including reducing side effects. In pain control, Chinese acupuncture has been found to enhance and be enhanced by certain allopathic drugs. Ayurveda is a science that deals with physical healing, diet, herbs, and massage or bodywork. It was originally intended as a means to support the body so that spiritual development could be pursued unharmed by health concerns. Ayurveda is the traditional health care approach of India that involves the eight principle branches of medicine: pediatrics, gynecology, obstetrics, opthamology, geriatrics, otolaryngology (ear, nose and throat), general medicine and surgery. Ayurveda is built upon a concept of vital energy called prana. Prana is the primal energy that enlivens the body and mind and is an unseen power that is the basis of all life and healing. Prana is thought to have the qualities of a nutrient that can be taken in the body through the breathing. Therefore, breathing exercises play an important role in the promotion of health. Breath is considered to be a direct way to draw in the promotion of health. Breath is considered to be a direct way to draw in and build life energy w ithin oneself. Ayurveda uses different breathing exercises called pranayama for imbibing prana and using it to enliven the body and promote health. The main idea of Ayurveda is that all of existence comprises four basic principals of elements: earth, air, fire, and water. These terms represent principals of action and interaction that guide and shape all the life processes. The actions of and interactions of these elements serve as the basis for understanding health, illness, individual constitution and how to restore and maintain harmony in the body. The Actor EssayCounselling, psychotherapy, hypnotherapy and behavioural medicine are often used to help patients deal with this aspect of medicine. To help people overcome toxic chemical exposure and build up, which are a cause of many modern illnesses, naturopaths specialize in cleansing the body from these toxins and restoring the immune system. Naturopaths are trained to do minor office surgery such as stitches, cyst removal and other superficial injuries. John Kaiser M.D., developed a program of diet, exercise, vitamins, herbs and stress reduction that has shown promise in stopping the progression of Aids. Using a combination of natural therapies with a very small use of western drugs, 89 percent of 139 HIV positive patients in his practice have remained stable or improved their diagnosis during a five year period. It has been found that women whose diets were around the average intake of Vitamins A and C. Naturopaths best function is in primary care and general practice medicine with non-toxic, non-invasive methods. Their greatest strengths are well to other medical traditions. Another strength is in natural childbirth where the needed for a caesarean section is much lower than in conventional care. Their practitioners are not trained in major surgery or acute trauma care and it is illegal for them to treat cancer. Fundamentally, homeopathy states that everything that happens to people, everything they think and feel, everything that is physically wrong with them, is connected. To a homeopathy, a symptom means any characteristic from any aspect of the person. Therefore, symptoms are all the complaints from the body, emotions, thoughts, and reactions to different conditions, sleep patterns, foods, family and work. Where a chronic illness is diagnosed, it can take up to two hours to collect enough information before proper prescriptions can be made. This individualized attention is the key feature of homeopathy. The homeopathy principle is fundamentally opposite from that of western medicines where symptoms represent a malfunction and must be suppresses. In homeopathy, symptoms are created by the body during its process of protecting itself. The remedies naturally activate the bodys own ability for self-healing. They help eliminate the reason the body developed the symptoms in the first place. Prescribing is based on a biological principle called the Law of Similars that states that when a physician gives a healthy person a particular substance, certain distinct symptoms will appear. If the physician sees these symptoms in a sick person, then that same substance will cure them. A homeopathic remedy gives the body a little more of what it needs to fight the disease. Homeopathic remedies are made from minerals, botanical and zoological substances. The remedies are prepared and shaken by multiple dilutions of 1 to 10 to 1 or to 100. According to the laws of chemistry, there is a limit to the dilution that can be made without losing the original substance altogether. The homeopathic dilutions do lose all the molecules of the original substance but the vigorous shaking with each dilution leaves a spirit-like essence which cures by reviving the bodys vital force. The vital force refers to a force that can be aroused to a higher level thereby helping the body to use its own inner resources to alleviate the symptoms. Out of 487 patients with an influenza-like syndrome, the patients treated with a single remedy that was not individualized, were 70 percent more likely to have recovered within 48 hours compared to those receiving the placebo. Twenty-eight patients with allergic asthma were randomly assigned to either the experimental group or placebo grou p. Those receiving the homeopathic remedy had significantly reduced symptoms and better respiratory functioning over the next eight weeks compared to those received the placebo. Homeopathy is able to treat anything capable of being helped by the patients own host resistance (natural defences) or vital force. Its strengths lie in treatment of acute and chronic illnesses, particularly in the early stages or where there is no severe tissue damage. Migraines, headaches, immune related illnesses (allergies) as well as viral and bacterial infections are especially helped by homeopathy. The major strength of homeopathy is its lack of side effects. Since the remedies are given in such minute doses, there is not enough of the substances to cause toxic reactions or side effects in the body as often happens with conventional drugs. Homeopathy does not treat broken bones although it may be used to speed the healing process once the bone is set. Homeopathy is also not generally considered a form of treatment for advanced cancer, syphilis, gonorrhea or advanced or advanced stages of other diseases such as long standing arthritis. It cannot repair a defective valve in the heart or stroke damage to the brain. However, a homeopath who is licensed to practice western medicine can combine both types to help strengthen the patients overall resistance. The era when Rudyard Kipling wrote East is east and west is west, and never the twain shall meet is over. Since the late nineteenth century, the western tradition of medicine has shown us that once hopeless diseases can now be cured. The advanced technologies in drug production and surgical techniques have certainly prolonged life. These successes of conventional medicine have affected lives. However, with the many advancements of western medicine, new problems have arisen. For instance, society is living longer and with that new problems are created. Modern or conventional medicine is in a period of change. Alternative medical treatments from other of the world, which were once viewed with skepticism by professionals and society, are now being by viewed by many as a complement to modern medical techniques. The herbal revolution has made people more aware that they must be responsiblefor their own health care. Although the benefits of man-made drugs are indisputable, they have also produced side affects. This is where herbal and other types of alternative medicine step in and reduce or eliminate the side effects of modern medicine. Given all of the information, it is possible for society to separate the need for conventional or alternative medical care depending on the condition. Research has proven that conventional medicine is the clear leader in infectious diseases, cancer and heart disease. However, for the common everyday aches and pains of life, alternative medicine is the definite leader. In turn, alternative medicine cannot stand alone. Research has proven successful when alternative medicine is used in conjunction with conventional techniques. Traditional medicine is certainly important but it sometimes ignores certain issues of healing. This may be caused in part by the shrinking health care dollar, the lack of time or even the lack of awareness by the physician. Before the advent of synthetic drugs, our ancestors used many home remedies that are being used again today by both traditional and alternative physicians. Now that physicians are learning and accepting more about alternative treatments and integrating them into their practices, the outlook is hopeful that in the future these two types of treatments will thrive and complement one another. The result of this co-operation can only benefit society and enhance the total health care system. Bibliography:BIBLIOGRAPHYAmerican Association of Acupuncture Oriental MedicineJournal Article, Washington, D.C., 1994. Collinge, William, Alternative Medicine. NewYork, N.Y., Warner Books, 1996. Cummings, S. Ullman, D., Everybodys Guide to Homeopathic Medicines. NewYork, N.Y., Putnam Books, 1997. Dachman, K., and Kinnan, J.P., The Self Health Handbook. NewYork, N.Y., Facts on File, Inc., 1996Grossman, Richard, The Other Medicines. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday Co., 1995Helms, J., Physicians Acupuncture in the 1990s: A Report for the Subcommitee on Labour, Health Human Services Education of the Appropriations Committee,Washington, D.C., 1994Hoffman, David, Holistic Herbal. Shaftesbury, Eng., Element Books, 1996Jainger, Oscar and Golberg, P, A Different Kind of Healing,NewYork, N.Y., Putnam Books, 1994. Lytle, C.D., An Overview of Acupuncture,U.S. Dept. Of Health Human Science, Public Health, FD Adminstration. Washington, D.C., 1993. Zwicky, John, Hafner, A., Barrett, S. Jarvis, W., Readers Guide to Alternative Health Methods. Milwaukee, Wi., American Medical Association, 1993.

Slims Table, Sociology Paper Essays - English-language Films

Slims Table, Sociology Paper Slims Table: An Honest Look Into The Life Of A Working Class Black Person Slims Table, written by Mitchell Duneier has been called a true stereotype buster due to its content in which it truthfully examines the lifestyles of working class black men. The book is designed to break the common misconceptions imbedded in a majority of peoples minds over how a black man lives his life and why he in a sense does what he does, thinks what he thinks, and acts the way he acts. Prior to the writing of this book by Duneier, there were many common stereotypes of a working class black man, which often caused negative attitudes towards them. Although many of them are still existent and quiet prevalent, Duneier sought to try and break these misconceptions in hopes to try and bridge the gap, which has for so long been expanding between blacks and whites. Slims Table, appears to be written in a two-fold manner, in that Duneier tries to explain and debunk two different, yet equally important ideologies that have long since been associated to the black working class. Duneier tries to show the solidarity of the black working class with the way he presents the book, however, there is an underlying tone in which he is trying to show that the black race, in particular the struggling working class, Is in no way hopelessly wrecked by the power of white privilege or racism. He tries to debunk the unfortunate and yet demoralizing caricatures that for so long have been placed upon the heads of the black working class, with such associations as poor, uneducated, unskilled and probably the most negative of all, useless. Yet, it is the manner in which he manages to bring all of this out, which is most impressing. He remains quite unassuming and appearingly non-subjective, yet he is stating his points and supporting them all the way through the book . The setting for Slims Table primarily takes place in a cafeteria on the South Side of Chicago. There a character, known as Mitch, whom we can conclude is the author finds himself, a white man in a predominately black area, studying the lifestyles of many of the black men he encounters. The title of the book is derived from a group of people that Mitch meets in a cafeteria and befriends. He often refers to them as the regulars because as a routine they always meet in the cafeteria to discuss the days that they have had. Mitch later finds out theyve been gathering there for over 10 years. As Mitch observes, the apparent leader of the group is a man named Slim, who is a black mechanic that works down in a back alley garage in one of the ghetto areas of Chicago. However, Mitch notes that he is one of the best mechanics he has ever known, which serves to try, right in the beginning of the book to debunk the stereotypes that have been attached to the black working class. Mitch does interac t with many of the people he meets in the cafeteria, however, much of his observations are done from the outside, a pseudo-objective, observant point of view. He is constantly observing how these men interact with each other, how they act on their own and more importantly, what kind of values and morals they uphold and believe in. The book is filled with many different stories involving the men Mitch meets in the Valois Cafe, which is what the cafeteria was known as, as well as many commentative asides, which Mitch uses to speak directly to the reader. He often times tries to surmise what has occurred in the particular excerpt that he has just told. There has been some criticism given to this due to the fact that often times, the character Mitch has restated what the reader will surely have concluded after reading the particular excerpt told from him his point of view; whereby losing the flow of the story and possibly the interest of the reader. However, it is these excerpts and mini-stories which allows Duneier to facilitate his argument against the forbearing stereotypes. In the beginning of the book, one story he recounts